AP Biology Unit 1

glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch, glycogen, cellulose, monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.

A single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose, the simplest type of sugar.

Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides

A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.

A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose.

A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms

fatty acids, fats, saturated fats, unsaturated fats, steroids, phospholipids, cholesterol, triglycerides

A lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms.

A lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms

lipid molecule with four fused carbon rings

a lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes

monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

DNA, RNA, (ATP and ADP are modified nucleic acids)

amino acids, primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structures, collagen, hemoglobin, enzymes

a lipid made of three fatty acid molecules and one glycerol molecule

glutamine, proline, cysteine, lycine, ...

sequence of amino acids

protein structure is formed by folding and twisting of amino acid chain

protein structure is formed when the twists and folds of the secondary structure fold again to from a larger 3D structure

protein structure is a protein consisting of more than one folded amino acid chain

The covalent bond between two sulfur atoms (-S—S-) linking two molecules or remote parts of the same molecule.

Very weak bonds; occurs when a hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to the electrostatic atom in another molecule

kind of macromolecule that stores, transfers, and expresses genetic information

elements that make up a nucleic acid

monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

term used to describe the arrangement of a DNA strand

ribonucleic acid; a polymer of nucleotides that transfers genetic information

the sugar in RNA is ribose; Uracil bonds with Adenine; RNA is single-stranded

elements that make up a protein

building block (monomer) of proteins, composed of an amino group and a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and an R-group

a carboxyl group, an amino group, a central Carbon, a Hydrogen, and an R-group

covalent bond formed between amino acids

a long line of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds

stands for the rest of the compound, different for each kind of amino acid, giving the amino acid its properties

hydrophilic or hydrophobic, polar or nonpolar, acidic or basic

primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, quaternary structure

move together to the interior of a protein, away from water

macromolecule made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (CHO) that is mostly nonpolar not soluble in water;

elements that makeup both Carbohydrates and Lipids

building block of a lipid made of a hydrocarbon chain and a carboxyl group

a carbon alcohol that is hydrophilic

long-term energy storage, insulation, part of the cell membrane, chemical messenger, waterproofing

lipid made of two hydrocarbon chains, glycerol, and a phosphate group

another name for the hydrocarbon chain in a phospholipid

another name for the phosphate group in a phospholipid

suffix carbohydrates usually end in (gluc-ose, fruct-ose)

covalent bond that forms between a monosaccharide and another molecule (like another monosaccharide)

large organic molecules

number of covalent bonds carbon can form with other elements

carbon and hydrogen atoms that are covalently bonded that make them stable and nonpolar

not soluable in water

soluable in water

molecules that consist of many repeated monomers

molecules that consist of a single unit

reaction that links monomer molecules together, releasing a molecule of water for each bond formed

the process of adding a water molecule to break a polymer into monomers

parts of organic molecules that are involved in chemical reactions

slightly negative

slightly positive

Term for substances that dissolve in water.

Term for substances that do not dissolve in water.

property of water in which water changes temperature very slowly with changes in heat due to hydrogen bonding

water carries the heat it absorbs away in sweat due to its high specific heat

less dense as a solid; hydrogen bonds form crystalline structure that keeps the water molecules separate

the attraction of like substances; water molecules are attracted to other water molecules; this is due to the hydrogen bonding between water molecules

the attraction of unlike molecules; water molecules are attracted to other polar surfaces

Smallest form of an element that still displays its particular properties; consisting of a positively charged nucleus and a negatively charged electron cloud.

Atomic particles with a positive charge (+) found in the nucleus of an atom.

Atomic particles with a neutral (o) charge found in the nucleus of an atom.

Atomic particles with a negative charge (-) found outside the nucleus of an atom.

atom becomes charged when it gains or loses an electron

attraction between two atoms by transferring or sharing electrons to attain a stable electron configuration

Bond that forms when electrons are shared equally.

Bond that forms when electrons between atoms are shared.

Bond that forms when electrons are shared unequally; like that between the oxygen atom and hydrogen atoms in a water molecule