Giddes APUSH Chapter 6

Fre Protestants dissenters who were given limited toleration under the Edict of Nantes; fled elsewhere once King Louis XIV outlawed Protestantism

1572; over 10,000 Huguenots were killed in cold blood

1598 ⇾ issued by the crown; granted limited toleration to Huguenots

1643-1715; king of Fra since 5 + reigned for 72 years; surrounded by court + scheming ministers + mistresses

1608; first permanent Fre settlement in NA; founded by Samuel Champlain

controlled by Fre settlement in NA (Quebec)

"father of New France"; founded Quebec; soldier + explorer

friendly relations w/Fre; became allies w/Fre to defeat the Iroquois when Champliain joined battle; ended w/defeat of Iroquois (3 dead + 1 wounded)

tribe of upper NY area; defeated by Fre; ravaged Fre settlement and frequently served as allies of the British in prolonged struggle for supremacy on the continent

claimed by Fre; had Native tribes already there; cause of tension w/Iroquois (ravaged Fre settlement + frequently served as allies of British in struggle for superiority)

direct control of King; completely autocratic; no elected representative assemblies, no right to trial by jury; population grew at slow pace; little economic motive; Huguenots denied refuge in colonies; favored caribbean islands

runner of the woods; Fre fur traders + runner of risk

canoeing fur traders + travelers; established trading posts throughout NA; fur trade wreaked havoc on the health + folkways of their native American trading partners; killing beavers violated the Natives' religious beliefs + showed the effects that Euro contact w/Natives

1701; founded detroit "city of straits" to stop Eng settlers pushing into Ohio valley

Fre; followed the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico; claimed the region for Fra and named it Louisiana in honor of Louis XIV; dreamed of empire + returned to the gulf 3 years later, but failed to find Mississippi delta; (1687) died by his men

became the garden of Fra NA empire; where Fre established forts + trading posts at Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes; large amounts of grain ran down the MI for transport to WI + Euro

1689-1697; war fought between Fre trappers, British settlers, + their Native allies; colonial theater of War of the League of Augsburg in Euro

1702-1713; second in a series of conflicts between the Euro powers for control of NA; Eng vs Fre in the North + the Eng vs Spa in FL; resorted to kind of primitive guerrilla warfare; British failed to rush out Quebec and Montreal, but managed to temporarily seize Port Royal in Acadia

British given limited trading rights in Spa America, but later involved much friction over smuggling

in Acadia; British managed to seize this for a little bit

claimed by the British in the treaty of Utrecht + was renamed Nova Scotia

signed in 1713; revealed how badly Fra + Spa ally had been beaten; British given Fre Acadia (later aka Nova Scotia (New Scotland)) + Newfoundland and Hudson Bay

a generation of peace; Brit provided to its American colonies

British captain who encountered Spa revenue officials; had one ear sliced off by a sword; went to Parliament and showed his ear as an example of Spa cruelty to British merchants in WI; aroused furious resentment when went to Britain

broke out in 1739; between British and Spa; confined to Caribbean Sea and GA; later merged w/large-scale War of Austrian Succession (aka King George's War in America) in Eur

when small-scale War of Jenkin's Ear emerged w/War of Austrian Succession; NEers invaded NF; w/help from British fleet, raw and drunken recruits captured Fre fortress of Louisbourg (on Cape Breton Island + commanded the approaches to St. Lawrence River)

captured by NEers w/help of British; 1748; handed back by peace treaty of KGW (made NEers mad)

one of chain Fre forts at the Ohio River; considered formidable + was pivotal point where the Monongahela + Allegheny Rivers joined to form the Ohio (later site for Pittsburgh); it was made for the Fre to secure their claims of land; British had land speculation cuz they already started selling land to wealthy landowners

1754; sent by governor of VA to Ohio Country as lieutenant colonel in command of 150 VA militiamen; when spotted a small group of Fre troops 40 miles from Fort Duquesne, fired the first shot; ended up killing the Fre leader and Fre troops retreated

a hastily built British fort where Washington attempted to defeat the Fre after he attacked Fre troops near Fort Duquesne; but Fre took the fort + forced Washington to surrender

Fre residents of Nova Scotia; many were moved by the British in 1755 + scattered as far south as Louisiana, where their descendants became known as "Cajuns"

descendants of the Fre-speaking Acadians who were scattered as far south as Louisiana; nearly a million

began in America; touched off by Washington in wilds of the Ohio Valley in 1754; rocked along undeclared reasoning for 2 years; 9 years war between Fre and British in NA, which resulted in expulsion of Fre from NA

officially declared globally; larger scaled version of the fre + Indian War; global conflict fought in Eur, the Americas, Africa, India, + the Philippines; 7 seas war; Britain + Germany vs France, Spain, Austria, + Russia.

earned the title of "great" by repelling fre, Austrian, + Russian armies altho his forces were outnumbered 3:1; cuz of London govt's inability to send in effective troops, gave him gold instead; successful cuz the Fre exhausted their strength in the Euro bloodbath that could not throw in forces to the NW

1757; became foremost leader in London govt + was popularly aka "Great Commoner"; later earned the title "Organizer of Victory"; wisely attacked the vital areas of Canada (Quebec-Montreal area) + launched a soft assault on the Fre WI

Leading spirit of the Albany Congress + made outstanding contributions; published in his Penn gazette cartoon showing separated colonies as a disjointed snake which said the slogan "Join or die".

led by Ben Franklin; delegates adopted plan, but was not accepted by individual colonies + the London regime; helped Franklin prove the point that people believe in union, but when it comes down to details, they get distracted; objective: to try and buy the alliance of the Iroquois confederacy (gifts/guns) + try to achieve a sense of colonial unity among the colonies

a British commander during the Fre + Indian War; attempted to capture Fort Duquesne in 1755; defeated by the fre + Natives; this battle mortally wounded.

trained pro soldiers as distinct from militia or conscripts; during fre + Indian War, British generals often showed contempt towards ill-trained colonial militiamen; preference for generals

ill-disciplined colonial militiamen whose behind-the-tree methods of fighting Natives won

vital area in Canada where if this stronghold was destroyed, all the small outposts to the west would have withered away due to a lack of riverbourne supplies; cuz of British success in Quebec, opened path to this location was available + ended with British victory; would led to end of NF

British general who paid close attention to detail; made their progress in the night + spotted an area that poorly guarded Quebec; in morning, the two armies fought on the plains of Abraham on the outskirts of Quebec; both commanders died in battle including de Montcalm; Fre were defeated + the city was surrendered

Fre general who died in the battle of Quebec against British

1759; British victory over Fre forces on the outskirts of Quebec; surrender of Quebec marked the beginning of the end of Fre rule in NA; success in battle won Canada for British; both commanders, Wolfe + de Montcalm died

1763; agreement between Britain + Fra that ended the Fre + Indian war; Fre power was thrown completely off the continent of NA, leaving behind a Fre population primarily in Canada; Fre left with a few sugar islands + 2 small islands in Gulf of St. Lawrence at agreement that they will never be fortified; Fra gave up all trans-Mississippi Louisiana + outlets of New Orleans to Spa; Spa gave FL to Britain in exchange for Cuba; Britain rewarded w/all areas east of Mississippi River. British becomes dominant power of North America + is already a leading naval power

chief of the Ottawa tribe; 1763; led several tribes, aided by a handful of Fre traders who remained in region to launch violent campaign to drive the British out of Ohio Country; died in 1769 at hands of a rival chieftain

1763; bloody campaign waged by Ottawa chief Pontiac to drive British out of Ohio Country; laid siege on Detroit in spring 1763 + overran all but 3 British posts west of Appalachians (killed 2,000 ppl); brutally crushed by British troops (distributing blankets infected with smallpox to put down the rebellion)

wasn't created to oppress colonists, but instead created to work out the Native problem fairly + prevent another bloody eruption like Pontiac's uprising; banned white settlement west of Appalachians to reduce friction between Natives + settlers' stated that Natives owned the land on which they were residing; outraged colonists believed that successful outcome of the Fre + Indian War should have allowed settlement in the Ohio Valley