Studied by 13 peopleformulation of feedlot cattle diets can be _____ and time consuming
precise
feedlot diets take into consideration:
nutrient requirements (age, weight, breed), milling capabilities, storage capabilities, availability/price feedstuffs
ways to cut feeding costs
good records, adjust input costs, use technology, optimize market strat, health, managements considerations, mineral program,
good records can monitor what?
inventory loss
adjusting input costs: how much does feed account for of all total livestock costs
60 to 70%
technology available to cut costs
ionophores, implants, beat-agonists
health protocols:
minimize death loss
what do management considerations include?
feed bunk, water maintenance, cattle handling, etc
6 nutrient requirements
water, carbohydrates, protein, lipids, vitamins, minerals
most important nutrient in the feedlot?
water
the ______ of the water is very important
cleanlines
water troughs should be cleaned at least _______
bi-weekly
what percent of the diet is concentrates?
90-94%
what ingredients are concentrates
grain, byproduct, supplement, liquids
grain is the main source of _____
energy
byproducts provide both energy and _____
protein
supplements provides vitamins, ______, and feed _____ in some cases
minerals, additives
most feedlot diets are _________ diets, provides the most _____ per unit cost and contain a large proportion of ______
high-energy, energy, concentrates
roughages help to maintain __________ and function, as well as provide stimulation or ___________
rumen health, scratch factor
high concentrations of concentrate feedstuffs results in greater what?
performance, carcass growth, and fat
typical sources of grains
corn, sorghum, barley, wheat
processing grains can be used to:
alter nutrient availability/digestibility, alter particle size
altering nutrient availability/digestibility does what
increases starch digestibility and alter site of digestion of nutrients
processing grains can be used to:
improve storage life, palatability, and mixing characteristics
what is type of grain processing king in this region?
steam-flaking
selecting proper method for feed processing depends on:
nutritional factors (type, composition, intake, health, performance) and non-nutritional factors (operation size, mill capacity, maintenance/operation costs)
what is steam-flaking?
exposing grains to heat and moisture before rolling
heat and moisture in steam-flaking causes starch _______
gelatinization
rolling in steam-flaking disrupts the _______ and _______________
pericarp (outside of kernel), protein matrix
steam-flaking results in:
enzymatic access to starch, increase surface area for attachment, increases starch digestibility
steam-flaking does not work the same in all grains:
steam-flaking corn increases rumen digestibility, steam-flaking what increases bypass to small intestine
_________ of corn may impact steam-flaking process
moisture
evaluating steam-flaked grain quality (formula and %)
bushel weight / flake weight starch availibility
high-moisture grains are stored for ________ until feeding
fermentation
high-moisture grains are crops harvested at _____ or greater moisture
24%
what is dry-rolling?
steam-flaking without steaming and soaking process
dry-rolling disrupts
pericarp and protein matrix
dry-rolling does NOT what?
gelatinize starch
use of grain byproducts are a great way to take advantage of cheaper sources of ______ and ______ if it makes _________ _______
energy, protein, financial sense
wet milling byproducts area result of production of _________ __________
artificial sweeteners
dry milling byproducts area results of production of _________
ethanol
not all roughage is created __________
equal
dry roughage is ____ digestible but you can use less = improved _____ with more gain
less, performance
silage is ____ digestible = improved _____ with less grain
more, efficiency
added fats can be a source of ____ in diets
energy
many pf currently used _______ feeds have high concentrations of fat
byproduct
majority of fats are in what form?
liquid
added fat used to a greater extend in _______ diets
finishing
% of added fat is lower than recommended because fat is ______
expensive
important to check fats for _______ _______
quality control
specific formulation of supplements depends on _______ used at feedlot
ingredients
_____________ provide an option to reduce supplement inclusion for ____-ingredients
micro-machines, micro
feedlot diets are formulated to meet or exceed the animal's _______ __________
dietary requirements
minerals can be deficient, adequate, or ______
toxic
two categories of minerals:
macro (major) micro (aka trace)
macro-minerals
acid-base balance, osmotic pressure regulation, membrane potential, bone/tissue/fluid component
micro-minerals
constituents of enzymes/cofactors/hormones, regulate metabolic function
important vitamins
A, D, E
cattle typically have a reduced _____ immediately after arrival
DMI
calves will be provided access to _____, usually for __ days after arrival to feedlot
hay, 4
tanks should be cleaned ______ cattle arrive
before
goal in receiving diets is to get them to eat _______________________ as soon as possible
as much feed
calves are usually offered what % of BW at arrival?
1-1.5%
low-rick calves may need to start at a higher %BW or use more _______ bunk management
aggressive
what kind of hay is preferable for arrival
long-stemmed
starter diets should be added to bunk ________ of hay
on top
too much roughage can ______ performance in receiving period
lower
receiving diets contain a _____ concentration of roughage than grain
higher
forage should make up what % of receiving diet?
30-40%
silage can be used for receiving diet but should be limited to less than _____ than the diet
30%
transitioning too abruptly to finishing can cause
digestive issues, going off feed
two ways to transition diets
two ration, multiple step up
two diet transition
mix in bunk, more conservative, usually changed every 2 days
multiple step up diet
total of 4 feeds, more difficult to maintain, less common, useful if feed once a day
protein can help support ______________ and _____________
immune system, muscle growth
crude protein is important particularly in _______ phase
growing
3 types of protein
ruminally degradable protein, non-protein nitrogen, ruminally undegradable protein
_______ first limiting nutrient for feedlot cattle
energy
too much added fat can limit intake/negatively affect ______ digestion
fiber
do not exceed _____ total fat in diets
7%
macro-minerals in feedlot diets
calcium, phosphorus, potassium, salt
receiving cattle diets typically contain ____ trace mineral concentrations
higher
commercial nutritionists typically feed __________ the NRD recommendation of trace minerals
2 to 3 times
trace minerals in feedlot diets
cobalt, copper, iron, iodine, manganese, selenium, zinc
zinc is an important component of what?
immune response
type A feed additive
one or more drugs at high potency, premix for diluting
type B feed additive
medicated feed for further mixing
type C feed additive
not intended for further mixing
feed additives are highly _____ by the FDA
regulated
ionophores
antibiotic class to improve performance, increase ion transferring ability
ionophores are ______, microbes less efficient and cannot grow
bacteriostatic
ionophores are selective against what kind of bacteria?
gram positive
ionophore effect on rumen:
increased energy metabolism, increased N metabolism, retardation of disorders
melegesterol acetate (MGA)
suppress estrus, decreases energy requirements
tylosin phosphate
VFD required, prevent liver abscesses
cattle intake is one for the biggest drivers of ______ in the feedlot
performance
intake is managed on a ____ basis and feeding is managed on an ____ basis
DM, AF
what cattle will eat is not always what they ______ eat
should
more feed = more ______ = more _____
nutrients, gain
intake impacts _____ _________, ADG, and bottom line
feed conversion
Note
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