Biology term 1 y9

structures found in cells that include the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts and ribosomes

the control centre of the cell

the substance found in living cells (outside the nucleus), where chemical reactions take place

a layer that holds the cytoplasm in a cell and controls what enters and leaves the cell

the structures in the cytoplasm where energy is produced from chemical reactions

small structures found in the cytoplasm of living cells where protein synthesis takes place

a protective layer, found outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal and bacterial cells, that helps to support the cell

a carbohydrate that makes up the cell wall of plants

a fluid-filled cavity in a cell that is used for storage and support

a sub-cellular structure containing chlorophyll, which is found in plants and algae that carry out photosynthesis

organisms, such as bacteria, that do not have a nucleus or organelles such as mitochondria

cells that have a nucleus and sub-cellular organelles such as mitochondria

an organelle that enables movement

slimy layer covering a bacterial cell that prevents cell from drying out and helps cell stick to surfaces

a small circle of bacterial DNA that is independent of the main bacterial chromosome

the ability to distinguish two objects from each other

a device that fires electrons at a specimen to obtain a high resolution image

long molecules found in the nucleus of all cells; made from DNA

nucleic acid molecules that contain genetic information and make up chromosomes

A region of DNA that codes for a specific sequence of amino acids (which chain up to make up a polymer; protien)

two linked strands that wound around each other to resemble a twisted ladder in a helix-like shape.

The ability to make a small object look bigger

Imagesize = actual image x magnification

short, hair-like structures on the cell surface of prokaryotic cells. They can have a role in movement, but are more often involved in adherence to surfaces

process of making proteins, it occurs in 2 main steps, transcription and translation.

Messenger rna, is a single strand copy of a dna, its is made because transporting the whole dna would be unnecessary.

transfer rna is an adaptor molecule that serves as the physical link between the mRNA and the amino acid sequence of proteins. It floats outside of the ribosomes and contains 3 sets of nucleotides called anticodons and each carry an amino acid.

the process of when the mrna is created and transported out of the nucleus into the ribosomes. This is carried out by an enzyme which unzips the dna and makes a copy of the relevant strand. This copy is the mrna. The mrna is the transported out of the nucleic pores and into the ribosome.

the process of when introns are removed and exons are added the the mrna

a region of a gene that does not encode for anything (irrelevant)

a region of a gene that encodes for proteins

The mrna is is used as a guide to sort the trna into the correct order by reading the mrna 3 nucleotides (triplets) at a time and attaching a trna complementary set of nucleotides (anticodons).In this process, the amino acids that the trna carry are also ordered which makes them join together with hydrogen bonds, making them form a polypeptide. The polypeptide will go on to make a protein.

a chain of amino acids

a molecule that can be bonded with identical molecules to form a polymer

a substance made from monomers

Differences in size are often described as differences in order of magnitude. (example) If you increase a number by one order of magnitude, you are multiplying the number by 10. If you decrease a number by one order of magnitude, you are dividing the number by 10, which is equivalent to multiplying by 0.1

A type of electron microscope that uses a beam of electron across the surface of a specimen where reflected electrons are collected to produce an image

A type of electron microscope that uses a beam of electron to pass through a thin sample. The electrons are detected and creates an image.

A microscope that uses a beam of electrons.

.images created are in black and white and specimen need to be dead as electrons pass through a vacuum

.expensive and not portable

.difficult preparation (thin slices especially tem)

x500,000

x600

0.2 um (micrometers)

0.1 nm (nanometers)

A type of microscope that passes light through an object placed on a slide. The object is observed through the objective and eyepiece lens that magnify the object.

.it can view image in natural colours

.it is cheap and portable

.easy to prepare ( slide w specimen and specific stain)

A stain that highlights the nucleus of an animal cell

A stain that highlights plant cell nuclei

A stain that highlight bacterial cell walls

A phosphate group, ribose sugar and nitrogenous base

Adenine, thymine

Cytosine, guanine