Unit 3: Cellular Energetics (copy)

As the ________ move back into the stroma through ATP synthase, ATP is produced.

________ is the process by which light energy is converted to chemical energy.

________ are using light and ADP and phosphates (thats phosphorylation) to produce ATP.

________ and some bacteria make ethanol and carbon dioxide.

________ and NADH are constantly being turned into each other as electrons are being carried and then unloaded.

When oxygen is not available, the ________ occurs.

________ consists of a molecule of adenosine bonded to three phosphates.

________ are biological catalysts that speed up reactions which is by lowering the activation energy and helping the transition state to form.

Photosystem I and photosystem ________ were numbered in order of their discovery, not the order they are used in photosynthesis.

________ also gives two pyruvates and two NADH.

The electron ________ stops working, and electron carriers have nowhere to drop their electrons.

________ are examples of organic coenzymes.

A cell can control ________ by regulating the conditions that influence the shape of the enzyme.

________ is a process of breaking down sugar and making ATP.

To replenish the electrons in the ________, water is split into oxygen, hydrogen ions, and electrons.

Because the fit between the enzyme and the substrate must be perfect, enzymes operate only under a(n) ________ conditions.

The ________ occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.

________ is transported to the mitochondrion.

A(n) ________ shows how well a certain pigment absorbs electromagnetic radiation.

________ combines with these electrons (and some hydrogens) to form water.

They contain chlorophyll, a(n) ________ pigment that drives photosynthesis, as well as enzymes involved in the process.

The ________ are also called the Calvin- Benson Cycle.

A cramp was possibly the ________.

When a leaf captures sunlight, the energy is sent to ________, the reaction center for photosystem II.

________ can be influenced by a number of factors, such as temperature and pH.

________ are those in which the products have less energy than the reactants.

________ consists of four stages containing a series of coupled reactions that establish an electrochemical gradient across membranes:

An increase in the temperature of a reaction increases the ________ among the molecules.

The ________ turns into either lactic acid (in muscles) or ethanol (in yeast)

________ gets turned into several other things, and because the cycle begins with a four- carbon molecule, oxaloacetate, it eventually gets turned back into oxaloacetate to maintain the cycle by joining with the next acetyl- CoA coming down the pipeline.

The electrons from ________ replace the missing electrons in photosystem II.

Light absorbed is plotted as a(n) ________ wavelength.

________ can be either organic molecules called coenzymes or inorganic molecules or ions.

________ means is that CO2 from the air is converted into carbohydrates.

In the ________, pyruvate is turned into acetyl- CoA and 1 NADH is made; double this if you are counting per glucose.

The ________ can be represented by an energy diagram.

________ can use exergonic processes that increase energy, like breaking down ATP, to power endergonic reactions, like building organic macromolecules.

First ________: Cells can not take energy out of thin air.

The electrons are passed through a(n) ________ transport chain until they reach the final electron acceptor NADP+ to make NADPH.

________ also creates two NADH, which result from the transfer of electrons to the carrier NAD+, which then becomes NADH.

In ________, the sugar is made during photosynthesis.

________ can be turned on or off by things that bind to them.

In photosynthesis, protons are pumped from the stroma into the thylakoids compartment, and they return to the stroma through a(n) ________ synthase down their concentration gradient.

The ________ begins with each molecule of acetyl- CoA produced from the second stage of aerobic respiration combining with oxaloacetate, a four- carbon molecule, to form a six- carbon molecule, citric acid or citrate.

The activated electrons are trapped by ________ and passed to a molecule called the primary acceptor, and then they are passed down to carriers in the electron transport chain.

The ________ use the products of the light reactions- ATP and NADPH- to make sugar.

The energy released from the electron transport chain is used to pump ________ across the inner mitochondrial membrane from the matrix into the inter- membrane space.

In ________, the targeted molecules are known as substrates.

The ________ and NADH make a deal with each other, and ________ helps NADH get recycled back into NAD+ and takes its electrons.

The electrons travel down the electron ________ until they reach the final electron acceptor, oxygen.

Cells cannot take energy out of thin air

It states that energy transfer leads to less organization

increase the rate of a reaction by lowering the reactions activation energy form temporary enzyme-substrate complexes remain unaffected by the reaction

change the reaction make reactions occur that would otherwise not occur at all

carbon molecule as the first product of carbon fixation and perform cyclic electron flow in the light reactions

carbon molecules called pyruvic acid

CoA and 1 NADH is made; double this if you are counting per glucose

CoA and the Krebs cycle cease too