BIOL 180 Unit 2

lack peptidoglycan

possess unusual membrane and wall components

includes no pathogens

archaea that obtain energy to convert CO2 into methane gas

archaea that grow under extreme conditions (heat, salt, pH, pressure)

archaea that grow in the same conditions as bacteria

archaea phylum with Thermophiles, Acidophiles, and Hyperthermophiles

archaea phylum with Methanogens, Halophiles, Cell-wall less, and S metabolizers and sulfate reducers

protein that helps in photosynthesis

haploid and diploid

chloroplasts from cyanobacteria

2 membranes

chloroplasts from engulfing photosynthetic eukaryotes

4 membranes

Opistokanta

Amoebozoa

Archaeplastida

Stramenopila

Alveolata

Excavata

Rhizaria

includes animals, fungi, and Choanoflagellates

common ancestor of sponges

contain single emergent flagella surrounded by funnel shaped contractible collar

no cell wall

consumers

transparent

causes dystentary

causes meningoencephalitis (swelling of brain)

slime molds - unicellular, macroscopic

photosynthetic clade

red algae

complex life cycles

phycobilins, chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids

green algae

chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids

led to land plants

ameoba

ameoba

archaeplastida

phylum: Streptophyla

archaeplastida

phylum: Chlorophyta

archaeplastida

phylum: Rhodophyta

archaeplastida

phylum: Chlorophyta

archaeplastida

phylum: Chlorophyta

archaeplastida

phylum: chlorophyta

heterokontus flagella

4 chloroplast membranes - secondary endosymbiosis

flagella emerge on side of spore

one smooth (whiplash), one with fine hairs (tinsel)

outside “shoebox” made of silicone

aquatic

help identify water quality

Diatom

Fucus

marine

not photosynthetic

cause disease

oomycota

causes late blight in potatoes

major clade = Alveolata

Ceratium

Pfiesteria

cause red tide

bioluminescent

dinoflagellate

makes neurotoxins

major clade = alveota

Paramecium

ciliate

importance = part of food chain

major clade = Alveolata

Plasmodium

Apicomplexa

causes malaria

contains Radioaria

major clade = Excavata

major clade = Excavata

Trapanosoma

Trapanosome

causes sleeping sickness

in blood

major clade = Excavata

Giardia

Diplamonad

causes giardiasis

major clade = Excavata

Trichomonas

Parabasalid

STD

no leaves, no roots, no lignin

wood

nonvascular

sperm

spores

need water for fertilization

bryophyte

liverworts

8,000 species

example of Hepaticophyta

bryophyte

moss

15,000 species

bryophyte

hornworts

100 species

have vascular tissue

allows plants to be able to transport liquids

dead vascular tissue that transports water and nutrients up from roots to stem and leaves

living vascular tissue that transports sugars down from leaves to roots and fruits

-requires ATP

sperm

spores

seedless vascular plant

1200 species

example of Lycophyta

“club moss”

seedless vascular plants

ferns

11,500 species

seedless vascular plants

horsetail

seeded vascular plants with no fruit

strong woods (ex: pine)

pollen

seeds

need air for fertilization

seeded vascular plants with fruit and flowers

>380,000 species

475 million years ago

400 million years ago

350 million years ago

150 million years ago

1n (haploid)

male and female

• male has Antheridium

• female has Archegonium

creates sperm in male mosses

creates eggs in moss

2n (diploid)

zygote forms in archegonium

• grows out of top of female

makes spores

• meiosis occurs

  • 2n→1n

  • spores released (1n)

1n sperm + 1n egg = 2n sporophyte

2n

sori

• on underside

• rust color

• make spores

sporangia

• full of spores

• meiosis

phylum of Gymnosperms

common name = ginkgo

either male or female

phylum of Gymnosperms

common name = cycads

phylum of Gymnosperms

have male and female cones

• male small

• female large

example of Pinophyta

white pine

fascicles of five

example of Pinophyta

hemlock

phylum of angiosperms

type of angiosperm with 2 cotyledons

• ex: beans

net-like vascular tissue

tap roots

flowers in multiples of 4s and 5s

type of angiosperm with 1 cotyledon

• ex: corn; grass

leaf veins parallel

fine, net-like roots

flowers in multiples of 3

in angiosperms

1n sperm nucleus + 1n egg nucleus = 2n embryo

1n sperm nucleus + 2×1n egg nucleus = 3n endosperm

3n

feeds embryo

3n endosperm

2n embryo

female part of angiosperm

where pollen grain falls

forms from pollen grain

makes contact with ovule seed to create seed

male part of angiosperm

makes pollen

thin flesh, seeds scattered

ex: tomato, grape

berries with thick rinds

ex: cucumber, watermelon, squah

fruits with pits

ex: avocado, apricot, peach, plum

part we eat is swollen stem; fruit is core

ex: apple, pear

similar to pepos but segmented

ex: oranges, limes