AP World CH1 - Princeton Review

The founder of Buddhism, Buddha, Enlightened One

1. Dukka (suffering) is universal

2. Dukka is caused by desire

3. One can be freed of desire

4. Follow the Eightfold Path to eliminate desire

The way to eliminate desire

A branch of Buddhism that followed the original teachings & believed that Buddha was a human mentor

A branch of Buddhism that was less strict, used Bodhisattvas, and spread across Asia more because it provided by spiritual comfort & was open to other cultures

Killed by Roman & Jewish leaders

Buddhism, Christianity, Islam

Confucius’ followers collected his sayings here

• Focus on relationships

• Humanness

• Filial piety

• Ritual

1. Subject & Ruler

2. Parent & Child

3. Husband & Wife

4. Older Sibling & Younger Sibling

5. Friend & Friend

• Ethical, social, and political belief systems, rather than a theological system

• Orderly Chinese society

The creator God in Hinduism

The preserver; a manifestation of Brahma

The destroyer; a manifestation of Brahma

Set rules to follow for your caste

The highest state of being in Hinduism

Ones true, unchanging self amid all lives

In Hinduism & Buddhism - the effects of a person's actions that determine their destiny in their next life

The cycle of birth & rebirth in Hinduism

The goal of Buddhism - a world of enlightenment free of struggle

The social system of Hinduism with 4 categories

The highest caste; religious men

1. Shahada - Profession of Faith

2. Salat - Prayer 5x a day

3. Zakat - Charity (tax)

4. Sawm - Fasting during Ramadan

5. Hajj - Pilgrimage to Mecca

Believed Ali should be Muhammad’s successor

• Shi’ite

• Minority

Believed Abu Bakr should be Muhammad’s successor

• Majority

Muhammad’s successor

Wars against various tribes on the Arabian peninsula who didn’t like Abu Bakr

• Result: Bakr consolidated Islam across the entire Arabian peninsula

In charge of the Caliphate

• Centered in Damascus

• Women active in society

• Decline: family gets soft

• Taken over by the Abbasid Dynasty

“People of the book” (Christian/Jews) who had to pay the jizya tax

After the fall of Rome before the Renaissance

The center of the eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire)

1. Kings

2. Nobles

3. Vassals

4. Peasants

Pieces of land given by a lord to a vassal in exchange for loyalty & military service

1. Autumn

2. Spring

3. Fallow to restore nutrients

Ordered by Lords to clear huge areas of forest to create more farmland

• Followed by medieval knights

• Emphasizing mutual respect

• Governed their behavior in battle and society

• Compare to Samurai Bushido code

Eldest son receives a lord’s land & title

• Skilled with many crafts; led to Europe trading with the rest of the world

• Elevation in the status of these people chipped away at the rigid social class

• The formation of the “middle class” of urban craftsmen & merchants

• More people moved to these manors to make more money

• Strong and independent townships and kingdoms

• Allowed merchants & tradespeople to become more powerful

• In 1358 northern Germany; led the region’s progress in international trade and commerce

• Controlled trade throughout much of northern Europe

• Baltic and North Sea regions of Europe

• King John was forced to sign

• Limited the power of the English monarchy

• Established that everyone, including the king, was subject to the law

1. House of Lords

2. House of Commons

Nobles & Clergy; legal issues and advised the king

Knights & wealthy burghers; trade and taxation

• Conflict between France & England as England was claiming large portions of France

• Joan of Arc played a large role in rallying troops & fighting

• French victory; English retreat (rise of Bourbons comes up)

• 3 independent Spanish kingdoms — no sole ruler

• Peasants split along religious lines — influence of Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula

To create of a powerful and unified Spanish monarchy

Enlisted the Church as allies

• The end of religious toleration in Spain

• Non-Christians had to convert or leave

Eastern Orthodox Christians defending themselves from the colonization of western invaders

• From 1242 to two centuries

• Increased cultural split between Eastern/Western Europe

• Ununified & did not develop as quickly as its European neighbors to the West

Rise of Russian princes of Muscovy

• Expanded Muscovy territory into modern-day Russia

• Became czar

• Centralized power of the Russian sphere

• Ruthless ruling

Moscow

Song (960-1279) and Ming (1368-1644)

Justified their subordination (foot binding)

Nestorianism, Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, and Islam

Mahayana & Chan(Zen) Buddhism

A rival religion winning over many adherents

A drain on the treasury and labor pool due to Buddhism’s de-emphasis of material gain

A revival of Confucianism with emphasis on metaphysical aspects; stresses moral cultivation, social harmony, and adherence to Confucian values

• Borrowed Buddhist/Daoist moral standards + classical texts

• Rejected the mystical/religious aspects

Tang & Song

1. Moral cultivation/role of individuals

2. Filial piety

3. Loyalty to superiors

The first Shogun of Japan

The military commander in feudal Japan, acting for the emperor (a figurehead)

Feudal lords who owned land and were powerful samurai

Samurai code of loyalty, courage, and honor

Hinduism & Buddhism

The kingdom that Islamic invaders established in 1206 after defeating the Hindus

• Hindus & Buddhists become Dhimmi and must pay a tax

• Mostly Northern India

A Mughal emperor in India during the late 17th century known for his strict policies and expansion of the empire. He was not religiously tolerant

A Mughal emperor known for religious tolerance, administrative reforms, and cultural advancements

A Hindu empire in Southeast Asia

• Hindu — spread by the Indian Ocean trade network

• Religious toleration — lots of Buddhists in SEA

• A Hindu temple in the Khmer Empire

• Represented Hindu and later Buddhism

• Thais moving from China to the Empire, especially during the Mongol invasion of China

• Ended when the Thais captured Angkor Wat for the last time

• Africa became part of the Mediterranean economy trade

• Caravans of traders crossing the Sahara

• Independent African city-states

• Flourishing urban/commercial centers

• Islamic

• Example: Kano

• Downfall: internal wars among the kingdoms

Native people who lived in northern Mexico

• Capital: Tenochtitlan

• Invaded for human sacrifice

  • Invaded places had to pay taxes and tribute

  • Could self-govern

• Trade and roads

Natives in Western South America

• Capical: Cuzco

• Human sacrifice (less extreme)

• No concept of property

• Sun God (Polytheistic)

• Professional army

• Established bureaucracy

• Unified language

• Complex system of roads/tunnels

• Human & peasant labor

Expansionist empires with a professional army

Established bureaucracy

• Temples in the Inca Empire

• Evidence of their building, stone-cutting, and mining skills

A set of knotted strings that allowed the Incans to record census & harvest data

Fostered interaction between the Christian & Islamic world

Middle-class merchants who became politically powerful in the Middle Ages

• Step towards nationhood

• Social mobility & flexibility

• Alliances

Romanesque to Gothic

• Places of art and music

• Gothic style with “flying buttresses”

Military campaigns to take over the Holy Land and convert non-Christians to Christianity

Religious practices/beliefs that do not conform to the traditional church doctrine

Led to hersies

• Issued strict decrees on church doctrine

• Persecuted Jews & heretics

• 4th Crusade on Christian Constantinople, forming a Latin Empire

• Pope Gregory IX

• Interrogation & persecution of heretics

Universal Church & the Church Militant

• Summa Theologica

• Faith and reason are not in conflict

• People thinking more openly

• Universities

• Byzantine & Islamic knowledge

• Conflict with Church: reason over faith

• Spread by commerce & trade

• Mongol control of the central Asian Silk Roads

• More interactions b/t Europe & Asia

• Arrived in Italy by 1347 by traders and merchants

Crowded cities, inadequate sanitary & medical knowledge

• Killed 1/3 of Europe

• Destroyed traditional social structures

• Sped up social & economic movements: commercial economy, individual freedoms, new industries