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Cancer steps
initiation, promotion, progression
regular cells have development that is _____ and ______
orderly, predictable
intiation
initiators interact with dna and change it
the effect of initiators are _____ and will last until the cell ____
irreversible, death
daughter cells from the intitated/mutated cell will also carry the
mutation
risk increases indefinitely with higher levels of exposure to the ____
initiator
Promotion
ongoing exposure promotes proliferation of abnormal cells
promoters have no effect if the organism has not been previously ______ with an
treated, initiator
progression
transformation of benign tumor to neoplasm then malignancy
progression is associated with a ____ change
genetic
almost all tumors that advance are _____
aneuploid
aneuploid def
wrong number of chromosomes
genetic change is coupled with
increased cell growth rate, invasiveness, metastasis, alteration in biochem and morphology
hyperplasia
normal cell appearance, too many
dysplasia
weird appearance, disorganized, too many
carcinoma in situ
cells weird, spreads in a region
carcinoma in situ cells usually _______ and are said to be _______/______
regress, de-differentiated/anaplastic
carcinoma in situ is usually totally ____ by surgery since all the cells are in ______
curable, one location
cancr/malignant tumors means there is an ______ to surrounding tissues or the _______/spread to areas outside local tissue
invasion, metastasize
pattern of ______ and _______ predicts where the primary tumor will spread
circulation, lymphatic drainage
well differentiated means cells become more _______ and looks like the cell it should be, while poorly differentiated means cells don’t look like the way they need to
specialized
angiogenesis for cancer supplies ________ to fuel the cancer
capillaries and blood supply
previous chemo hx means ______ cancer risk because chemo _______ the immune system and chemo is a ______
higher, weakens, carcinogen
bone marrow biopsy is usually taken from the ____ bone
hip
benign tumor clinical manifestations
localized, encapsulated, noninvasive, differentiated, respond to homeostatic control, slow growth, doesn’t recur, not fatal
malignant tumor clinical manifestations
spread, not encapsulated, invasive, poor differentiated, no response to body signals, rapid growth, recur, kills host
cancer spread methods
direct invasion, tissue destruction, lymphatic spread, hematogenous spread, own support system
no contact inhibition
other cells stop sick cell from growing
tissue destruction methods
enzymes, pressure atrophy
lymphatic spread method
less cellular cement, break away and travel
hematogenous spread method
break through vessel walls and travel
hematogenous spread of cancer is usually through the ____ system
venous
how does cancer evade immune surveillance?
immune system exhausted, suppress t cell activation, sneak through t cell, no longer foreign, tolerated
oncogenes are _____ genes involved in normal cell ____
mutated, growth
when oncogenes are activated cancer cells can
grow
oncogenes are ____ or due to _______ exposure
inherited, environment
tumor suppressor genes make tumor suppresor ____ which help to repair _____
proteins, damage dna
tumor suppressor genes can be _____ by genetic mutation
inactivated
genetic impairment factors for cancer
oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, gatekeeper genes, caretaker genes
external factors for cancer
chemicals, radiation, viruses, diet
internal factors for cancer
hormones, immune system, inherited mutations
________ are initiators that directly alter _____
genotoxic carcinogens, dna
promoter carcinogens cause cancer ONLY AFTER _______
initiator mutation
_____% of cancers are hereditary and ____ percent are diagnosed after 55
5-10, 77
risk factors for cancer
poverty, diet, tobacco, alcohol, sun, stress, obesity, males
_____ have higher survival rates for cancer
females
female cancer common
breast, lung, colon, uterine
male cancer common
prostate, lung, GI, bladder
NHL pathophysiology usually targets (x3) lymphocyte cells
B, T, NK
NHL environmental/genetic/other factors
EBV, Human t-lymphotropic virus 1, H pylori
NHL can involve organs like:
spleen, bone marrow, peripheral blood, head/neck, GI tract, skin
NHL clinical manifestations
lymphadenopathy, b symptoms, infection risk
B symptoms
fever, drenching night sweats, weight loss
Stage I
one lymph node region/site
Stage II
2+ lymph node regions on same side of diaphragm
Stage III
lymph node regions on both diaphragm sides
Stage IV
involved of extra lymphatic organs
Ann arbor system staging takes into account 3 things:
location, genera health hx, previous cancer treatment
lymphadenopathy def
swollen lymph nodes
A classification for NHL
asymptomatic
E classification for NHL
involvement of one extranodal site
S classification NHL
spleen
X classification NHL means _____, which is a ______ in the lymph node
bulky nodal disease, large mass
NHL treatment methods
surgery, radiation, chemo
Note
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