Western Civ Semester 1 Exam

artist, scientist, and inventor best known for the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper and sketches of inventions such as flying machines

wrote The Prince, describing how to rule in an age of ruthless power politics

a government run by religious leaders

Polish astronomer who proposed a heliocentric model of the universe

mathematician who plotted the orbits of planets and discovered they are elliptical

scientist who argued that there were uniform laws of nature and that all motions could be measured mathematically

line drawn by the pope dividing the non-European world into two zones split between Spain and Portugal

a spanish explorer who claimed lands in the americas for spain in the 1500s and 1600s

aztec emperor who faced the spanish invasion lead by cortes

a member of the indigenous people dominant in Mexico before the Spanish conquest of the 16th century

a representative of the king who ruled in his name

an american born descendant of spanish settlers in spains colonies in the americas

member of the highest class in spain’s colonies in the americas

the second leg of triangular trade in which slaves were transported to the americas

spanish conquistador who arrived in peru in 1532, defeated the incas, and conquered much of south america for spain

conquistador who landed in mexico in 1519 and took over the aztec empire

a step by step process of discovery requiring the collection of accurately measured data

a person who takes on financial risks to make profits

a ruler with complete authority over the govt and lives of people

the belief that a ruler’s authority comes directly from god

french protestants of the 1500s and 1600s

a proclamation issued by henry iv granting the huguenots religious toleration and other freedoms

parliamentary advisors to the king who in time gained official status

russian tsar who took control of the government in 1689 and used his power to modernize russia

russian empress as of 1762 who embraced western ideas and ruled as an absolute monarch; believed in enlightement ideas such as equality and liberty

divide up

philosophe who believed in protecting liberty by dividing the various functions and powers of government among three branches; proposed a system of checks and balances

philosophe who edited and published the encyclopedia

philosophe who wrote the social contract

author of the wealth of nations; proponent of the free-market system

restriction on access to ideas or information

informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas

ornate style of art and architecture popular in the 1600s and 1700s

personal, elegant style of art and architecture made popular during the mid-1700s

an absolute ruler who uses power to bring about political and social change

king of england during the american revolution

virginia planter and soldier who became head of the continental army

principal author of the declaration of independence

john locke’s idea that all government power comes from the people

leader of the committee of public safety; chief architect of the reign of terror

period from september 1793 to july 1974 when those who resisted the french revolution were arrested or executed

popular military hero who became the ruler of france

a strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one’s country

the code of laws created under napoleon that embodied enlightenment principles of equality, tolerance, and freedom

a form of economic warfare that closed european ports to british goods; the foreign policy in which europe adopted napoleon’s reforms

when the movement of an army includes burning crops and villages to make it difficult for the enemy to follow

a meeting of heads of state within europe after waterloo to restore stability and order in europe

a drug that prevents pain during surgery

private road built by an entrepreneur who charged travelers a toll for use

the movement of people to cities

british economist; wrote an essay on the principles of population warning that the population would outgrow the food supply

british philosopher and economist who advocated utilitarianism

german philosopher who, with frederick engels, published the communist manifesto predicting class struggle

in practice, a system in which a small elite controlled the political and economic life of a nation

society’s “have nots,” the working class

rejected baptism of infants, favored abolition of private property, sought to speed up god’s judgement day

peaceful, called for religious tolerance, and separation of church and state

king of france 1824-1830; uncle of louis xvii

a person who is averse to change and holds traditional values

founder of the brazilian empire + first emperor of brazil

“father of mexican independence”, wrote and gave the speech “grito de dolores” (cry of dolores)

commissioned by king francis I of france to lead an expedition west across the Atlantic ocean

responsible for the mechanization of spinning

roman catholic order of religious men

a part of agricultural reforms and inventions such as the seed drill in 1701

emperor of the byzantine empire from 527-565

supporter of policies that are socially progressive and promote social welfare

commanded troops during the revolutionary wars

supported the democracy during the revolution of 1789

political reformer who inspired and kead itungary’s struggle for independence

a secret oath based organization of english textile workers in the 19th century

soldiers for hire

nephew of napoleon I, president of the second republic of france

a person who strongly identifies with their own nation and vigorously supports its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations

French economists who believed that agriculture was the source of all wealth and that agricultural products should be highly priced; also stressed the necessity of free trade.

a member of a powerful military caste in feudal Japan

“the greatest leader of South American independence” ; he led a massive revolt against Spanish colonial rule in South America, beginning in 1810.

the medieval knightly system with its religious, moral, and social code.

qualities expected of an ideal knight, include courage, honor, courtesy, justice, and a readiness to help the weak

political body of the French Revolution that gained virtual dictatorial control over France during the Reign of Terror (September 1793 to July 1794)

council of the Roman Catholic Church, held in three parts from 1545 to 1563. responded emphatically to the issues at hand and enacted the formal Roman Catholic reply to the doctrinal challenges of the Protestants.

European intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries in which ideas concerning God, reason, nature, and

humanity were synthesized into a worldview that gained wide assent in the West and that instigated revolutionary developments in art,

philosophy, and politics.

a person is excluded from the communion of believers, the rites or sacraments of a church, and the rights of church membership

a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for

further investigation

a form of social or political philosophy in which practical elements are as prominent as theoretical ones. It is a system of ideas that aspires both to explain the world and to change it

first permanent English settlement in North America

popular acceptance of a government, political regime, or system of governance

a political and economic doctrine that emphasizes individual autonomy, equality of opportunity, and the protection of individual rights (primarily to life, liberty, and property)

any house or open area of prayer in Islam

a person who advocates thorough or complete political or social reform

a downward trend in the business cycle characterized by a decline in production and employment, which in turn causes the incomes and spending of households to decline

French word meaning “rebirth” ; a period of a revival of Classical learning and wisdom ; brought about new scientific laws, new forms of art and architecture, and new religious and political ideas

a group of people with somewhat different religious beliefs from those of a larger group to which they belong

pyramidal stepped temple tower that is an architectural and religious structure characteristic of the major cities of Mesopotamia from approximately 2200 until 500 BCE.

the period of office of a Roman consul; the system of government by consuls in ancient Rome