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Classical Arrangement
exordium(introduction), narration, confirmation(proof), refutation(counterclaim), conclusion(conclusion)
organization
the arrangement of the information in a text(chronological, cause/effect,problem/solution, or order of importance)
Persona
The role(s) the author/speaker assumes (associated with ethos)
Purpose
The central reason(s) for the writing/speaking
Logos
MESSAGE-to appeal to logic
Ethos
AUTHOR-appeal to credibility
Pathos
AUDIENCE- appeal to emotion
Kairos
The opportune moment for persuasion
Rhetorical Analysis
analyzing how an author/speaker achieves the effects he or she does in a piece of discourse
Style
characteristics of a writer/speaker's work, usually examined in terms of diction and syntax
Tone
The attitude of a writers/speakers work towards the subject or audience(can be described simply of more complicatedly)
Diction
Word choice or use
Personification
implicit comparison where an inanimate or inhuman object is characterized by quality of action associated with human behavior
Polemic language
extremist language, developed heavily connoted word choices
Pun
use of one word to suggest two different meaning, both appropriate: I wondered by he baseball kept getting bigger, then it hit me
Sarcasm
the use of irony to mock or convey contempt
Imagery
Sensory details in a text
Symbol
foreshadowing
verbal irony
A figure of speech in which what is said is the opposite of what is meant
Appositive
Placing one word or phrase next to another to add more detail(definitely also syntax) : Mr smith, the science teacher, was a very happy man
Epithets
Single adjective linked to a person or thing to describe a specific quality: Alexander, the Great
Juxtaposition
Placing side by side comparison: An oxymoron is a small scale example)
Metaphor
Implied comparison- He was a rock
Simile
Like or as to compare two different ideas, things: He stood like a tree
Archaic diction
outdated choice of words- Why dost thou talk like that
Colloquialism
informal words or expressions not usually acceptable in formal writing
Connotation
associated feelings and emotions around a word
Denotation
The dictionary definition of a word
Euphamism
an under statement using a less offensive word
idiom
an expression in a language that is specific to that language or dialect - Its raining cats and dogs
apostrophe
a direct address to the audience or a character within the work- Congress, why have you not agreed on anything
anachronism
an error in chronology
Syntax
Sentence structure
Inversion (inverted sentence)
a sentence in which the verb predates the subject- Go into the woods, he will give to him a hug
parallelism
Phrases or sentences of a similar construction/meaning placed side by side, balancing each other
Rhetorical question
a question asked for effect rather than to elicit an answer
sentence variety
offering a mix of basic structure types- (Simple,compound,complex)
Purposes
Declarative, Exclamatory, Interrogative, Imperative
Anadiplosis
repetition of the last word of one sentence at the beginning of the following sentence
Anaphor
the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive lines,phrases, clauses, verses or sentences - (Never again will I make the same mistake, Never again will I drink old milk)
Antithesis (repetition, rhythm, and pacing)
grammatical forms or parts of speech that are reared in the sentence and used to express opposing or contrary meaning: He was worried about his reputation, not his income
Epistrophe
the repetition of a word at the end of successive clauses or sentences(opposite of an Anaphor) - What lies behind us and what lies before us are tiny compared to what lives within us
call to action
A request or petition by the writer to move the reader to take action on an issue
qualifier
a word or phrase that limits a claim, such as usually, sometimes, in many cases unspoken assumption - the writer's belief about the attitudes, values, or knowledge possessed by the readers, audience or subject matter
transitions
a word or phrase designed to emphasize connections between ideas and to move the argument from one section to the next
Antithesis(sneaky argumentative techniques )
makes a connection between two things through contrast or reversal: That's one small step for man, one large step for man kind
Straw Man
A fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses an oversimplified version of the opposing argument
Non sequiter
a statement that does not logically relate to what comes before it
False dilemma/false dichotomy
Posing a false either/or choice when there are more options than what is presented.
ad hominem
a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute
slippery slope
A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented
Red Herring
A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion
hasty generalization
A fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached to quickly without considering all sides of the issue
post hoc
assuming a relationship when there aren't grounds for such an assumption (especially cause and effect)
begging the question
when an arguments premise assumes the truth rather than supporting it - talking around the question
rhetorical devices
literary techniques used to heighten the effectiveness of a piece of writing
Allusion
A writing tactic used to call something to mind without explicitly saying it
Alliteration
Repetition of initial consonant sounds
analogy
A comparison of two different things that are similar in some way for the purpose of clarifying or explaining them
cult
A group that professes great devotion to some set of belief or person and follows that person almost without question.
hyperbole
exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally.
parallel structure
the repetition of words or phrases that have similar grammatical structures
Repetition
Repeated use of words in a short time
Satire
the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity
Symbolism
the use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities
evidence
the available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid.
warrant
justification or authority for an action, belief, or feeling
reliability
the trustworthiness or act of performing consistently well
qualifiers
a word that limits or enhances another word's meaning
sophistication
a writing style that is consistently vivid and persuasive
brainstorming
group discussion to produce ideas or solve problems.
free write
a pre-writing process in which the author writes for a set period of time without stopping, and without concern for mechanics, audience, conventions
logical fallacy
an invalid or faulty reasoning in the construction of an argument
false analogy fallacy
an argument based on misleading, superficial or impossible comparisons
bandwagon fallacy
error of assuming that a claim is correct just because many people believe it
over simplification
the simplification of something so much that a distorted idea was given
society
an organization of persons associated together for many purposes
indoctrination
Teaching someone to accept an idea or principle without question
allude
to hint at, to refer to indirectly
ellude
to avoid or evade
liberal arts
academic subjects such as literature, philosophy,and social and physical sciences as distinct from professional and technical subjects.
meritocracy
a system in which promotion is based on individual ability or achievement
ethics
the principles of right and wrong that guide an individual in making decisions
Phenomena
observable facts; subjects of scientific investigation
Nuance
a subtle difference in or shade of meaning, expression, or sound
Complexity
The state or quality of being intricate or complicated
Humanities
Academic disciplines that study aspect of human society and culture
Posit
to assume as real, put forward as a basis of an argument
Skepticism
a skeptical attitude; doubt as to the truth of something.
syllogistic reasoning
A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.
stereotype
A generalized belief about a group of people
Citizens
members of a political community with both rights and responsibilities