LAB MIDTERM

The variable that is altered by scientist

The variable observed in response to changes made to the independent variable

Replicating an experiment increases accuracy of results

the group compared to the independent group

Ask, research, hypothesis, test hypothesis, analyze data, report results

• The smallest structural and functional unit of an organism

• ALL living organisms composed of cells

• Typically microscopic and consisting of several key structures enclosed in a membrane.

• All organisms are made of cells

• All cells arise from pre-existing cells

• Populations of single-celled organisms all have a common ancestor cell

• All cells in multicellular organism arose from a single cell All living organisms are

• All life is cellular

• All cells in a population of sing-celled organisms are related by common ancestry

• All cells in a multicellular organisms are descended from a single cell

• Hereditary Info. (DNA) is passed on from cell to cell

• Cell membrane

• Nucleic Acids

• Ribosomes

• Enzymes

selectively permeable, keeps environment out!

information carrying molecules in the cell (DNA/RNA)

protein catalysts used to increase the rate of biological reactions

makes proteins needed for cellular function

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species

of or relating to organisms that can make complex organic nutritive compounds from simple inorganic sources by photosynthesis

an organism that can use a mix of different sources of energy and carbon, instead of having a single trophic mode (both autotroph and heterotroph)

requiring organic compounds of carbon and nitrogen for nourishment

having or consisting of a single cell

consisting of many multicellular cells

an organism is composed of attached unicellular cells, but the cells are mostly similar in structure and function, can live on their own,

cell walls, one vacuole, and chloroplast

no cell walls, many vacuoles

the most diverse domain of life

an organism capable of internal generation of heat

an organism that regulates its body temp. by exchanging heat with environment

maintaining a constant body temp.

having body temp. that varies with environment

breathing rate of an organism

rate at which an animal burns calories to produce energy

• Plants -> have guard cells

• Animals -> have muscle and nerve cells, etc.

• Volvox (algae) have different cells that have different functions in the colony as well!

(done by both plants and animals) how an organism can turn food into energy cells can use (aka ATP)

synthesis of compounds with the aid of solar energy

At temperatures too low or two high, enzymes will lose their ability to bind to substrate and eventually denature.

• Located on chromosome 16

• ~300 bp

• Transposon

a chromosomal segment of DNA that can undergo transposition within a genome, can reverse/create a mutation

sequence of a gene's DNA that transcribes into protein structures (affects phenotype)

sequence of a eukaryotic gene's DNA that is NOT translated into a protein

segment of nucleic acid molecule that's able to increase/decrease expression of certain genes

extraction of DNA from cortex and purify nucleic acid to remove any inhibitors

a lab method used to make many copies of a DNA piece from a tiny sample

a lab method used to separate mixtures of DNA and RNA or proteins according to size

so you can find a common ancestor

Denaturation (heat)- heat splits open DNA double helix

Annealing (cold)- primers bind to ends of target sequence of DNA. Primers tell DNA polymerase where to start copying DNA

Extension/Elongation- new nucleotides are added by a kind of DNA polymerase called Taq, making copies of DNA segment