APUSH Unit 7

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically through diplomacy or military force.

A term used to describe the U.S. acquisition of Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the Philippine Islands in 1898 - 1944. They wanted to increase their national power, spread American cultural ideals, enforce patriotism like manifest destiny, and get more raw materials and thus more profit.

extreme, chauvinistic patriotism, often favoring an aggressive, warlike foreign policy

The theory that a nation is distinct from and superior to other nations. Used to describe the historic belief that America is separate and unique, and a moral guide for other nations. This is a continuation of manifest destiny, justifying said belief.

Author of Our Country, on Anglo-Saxon superiority; a popular American minister in the late 1800s who linked Anglo-Saxonism to Christian missionary ideas

A United States Navy officer, geostrategist, and educator. His ideas on the importance of sea power influenced navies around the world, and helped prompt naval buildups before World War I. Several ships were named USS Mahan, including the lead vessel of a class of destroyers. His research into naval History led to his most important work, The Influence of Seapower Upon History,1660-1783, published in 1890

In 1889, this conference was called by Secretary of State James G. Blaine. It created an organization of cooperation between the United States and Latin American countries.

In 1895, Venezuela and British Guiana both claimed the same piece of land that included gold mines. When the British demanded the land from Venezuela, the Venezuelan ambassador to the US asked us to invoke the Monroe Doctrine to keep Britain from enlarging its territory at the expense of Venezuela. President Cleveland asked Congress to appoint a commission to determine the proper boundary, which the US would then defend on behalf of Venezuela. This crisis was significant because: 1. It upheld the Monroe Doctrine and even expanded it because it now meant that the US would go further than just telling Europe that they could not colonize here, 2. It was another victory for the use of arbitration instead of warfare between the US and Britain, 3. Britain realized that she had no friends, but a very powerful German enemy when war broke out in South Africa in 1895. So, the US and Britain started getting along so well that they eventually became allies in WWI.

Although independent, Hawaii already had close economic ties with the U.S. in the late 19th century, and its economy was dominated by American-owned sugar plantations that employed native islanders and Chinese, Japanese, and Filipino laborers. In 1893, a group of American planters organized a rebellion that overthrew the Hawaii government of Queen Liliuokalani, and in 1898, the U.S. annexed the Hawaiian island, reflecting its growing empire during the Age of Imperialism.

America's support the ongoing struggle by Cubans and Filipinos against Spanish rule, and the mysterious explosion of the battleship U.S.S. Maine in Havana Harbor.

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers. Often used this to justify US imperialism.

Spanish Ambassador's letter that was illegally removed from the U.S. Mail and published by American newspapers. It criticized President McKinley in insulting terms. Used by war hawks as a pretext for war in 1898.

U.S. Battleship that exploded in Havana Harbor in 1898; Evidence suggests an internal explosion, however Spanish military was framed by Yellow Journalism; The incident was a catalyst for the Spanish American War

A proviso to President William McKinley's war plans that proclaimed to the world that when the United States had overthrown Spanish misrule, it would give Cuba its freedom. The amendment testified to the ostensibly "anti-imperialist" designs of the initial war plans.

This concluded the Spanish American War; Commissioners from the U.S. were sent to Paris on October 1, 1898 to produce a treaty that would bring an end to the war with Spain after six months of hostility; from the treaty America got Guam, Puerto Rico and they paid 20 million dollars for the Philippines; Cuba was freed from Spain.

Treaty of Paris; US acquired Cuba, Guam, and Puerto Rico; purchased Philippines for $20 million and gave the money to the Spanish.

Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901.

These were court cases dealing with islands/countries that had been recently annexed and demanded the rights of a citizen. These Supreme Court cases decided that the Constitution did not always follow the flag, thus denying the rights of a citizen to Puerto Ricans and Filipinos.

Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble

Get raw materials, acquire markets for our goods, protect trade routes, gain stopping points on the way to China, get naval bases, grow in sea power, compete with other empires, and spread our government, religion, and culture to uncivilized people.

It is contrary to our moral principles and the values of democracy and freedom on which our country is founded, it costs a lot of money and has cost many lives, trying to maintain a standing army spread all over the Pacific will stretch our resources and bring us into more conflicts, diseases will spread to the U.S. We have all we need and don't need an empire.

Was the Secretary of State in 1899; dispatched the Open Door Notes to keep the countries that had spheres of influence in China from taking over China and closing the doors on trade between China and the U.S.

Statement of U.S. foreign policy toward China. Issued by U.S. secretary of state John Hay (1899), the statement reaffirmed the principle that all countries should have equal access to any Chinese port open to trade.

a country or area in which another country has power to affect developments although it has no formal authority.

In an effort to expel foreign influence from their country, a secret super patriotic group of Chinese called the Boxers (their symbol was a fist) revolted against all foreigners in their midst. In the process of laying siege to foreign legations in Beijing hundreds of missionaries and foreign diplomats were murdered. Several nations including the United States sent military forces to quell the rebellion. American participation was seen as a violation of its noninvolvement policies.

Diplomatic policy developed by T.R where the "big stick" symbolizes his power and readiness to use military force if necessary. It is a way of intimidating countries without actually harming them and was the basis of U.S. imperialistic foreign policy.

The Spanish-American War, protection of other South American countries, shipping routes to international businesses, increase in US navy

A treaty signed between the United States and Great Britain, giving Americans a free hand to build a canal in Central America. The treaty nullified the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of 1850, which prohibited the British or U.S. from acquiring territory in Central America. It gave US exclusive control of canal route through Panama.

In 1903, the Panama government signed this treaty with the United States. It granted the U.S. all rights to the 51 mile long and 10 mile wide Canal Zone, in exchange for U.S. protection. (p. 418)

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force, first put into effect in Dominican Republic

War between Japan and Russia over Manchurian territory; Ending in a Japanese victory, this war established Japan as a formidable military competitor in East Asia and precipitated the Russian Revolution of 1905.

An agreement between the US and Japan in which Japan's government agreed to limit emigration of unskilled workers to the United States in exchange for the repeal of the San Francisco segregation order.

1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement."

1908 - Japan / U.S. agreement in which both nations agreed to respect each other's territories in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door policy in China.

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

A corollary to the Monroe Doctrine forbidding any foreign power or foreign interest of any kind to acquire sufficient territory in the Western Hemisphere so as to put that government in "practical power of control".

Foreign policy of President Woodrow Wilson. Wilson hoped to influence and control other countries through economic pressure, refusing to support non-democratic countries. Helped with the advancement of human rights in Latin America.

He was a Mexican military officer and President of Mexico who was also leader of the violent revolution that took place in 1913. His rise to power caused many Mexicans to cross the border as well as angering the United States who saw him as a dictator.

In April 1914, some U.S. sailors were arrested in Tampico, Mexico. President Wilson used the incident to send U.S. troops into northern Mexico. His real intent was to unseat the Huerta government there. After the Niagara Falls Conference, Huerta abdicated and the confrontation ended.

This military leader dominated Northern Mexico during the Mexican Revolution between 1910 and 1915. His supporters seized hacienda land for distribution to peasants and soldiers. He robbed and commandeered trains. Allied with Zapata. He was eventually defeated though before the revolution ended in 1920.

Allied) Great Britain, France, Italy, Russia, and later the US, Italy, and Japan

Assassination of Archduke Fran's Ferdinand, Secret alliances between nations, Large build up of European armies (militarism), High patriotism of citizens (nationalism), continued submarine attacks on US merchant and passenger ships, "Zimmerman Telegram's" implied threat of German attack on the US

was a British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The unrestricted submarine warfare caused the U.S. to enter World War I against the Germans.

After the passenger ship, the Arabic, was torpedoed the Germans promised to give passengers at least a 30 minute warning before sinking non-military ships. Result of the Lusitania.

After the sinking of the Arabic in early 1916 Congress debated this resolution, which would have prohibited Americans from traveling on armed merchant vessels or ships w/contraband. But, the resolution was eventually killed off.

Germans would not sink merchant & passenger (non-military) vessels. Wilson - "any little . . . [U-boat] commander can put is into war at any time by some calculated outrage". Violated later with the later resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare

Anabaptists laid great stress on this; they would not run for office or serve in the armed forces; not being involved in many wars.

In this election, main concern of voters was whether or not the United States would become involved in World War I. Supreme Court Justice Charles E. Hughes and President Woodrow Wilson ran against each other. Wilson won by an extremely shallow margin, running the campaign slogan "He Kept Us Out Of War"

A diplomatic proposal from the Germany to Mexico encouraging them to make war against the United States. The proposal was intercepted and decoded by British intelligence. Revelation of the contents outraged American public opinion and helped generate support for the US declaration of war on Germany in April. Mexico, unable to match the U.S. military, ignored the proposal and (after the U.S. entered the war), officially rejected it.

In his war message to Congress in 1917, Wilson stressed the following:

Earlier German resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare, targeted merchant ships of neutral countries such as the US, German diplomatic intrigue in Mexico, challenges to US neutrality from the people, US morale, economic ties with other allies such as Britain and France

Act of 1916 that expanded the regular federal army from 90,000 to 175,000 and permitted gradual enlargement to 223,000, expanded the National Guard to 440,000, made provision for their training, and gave federal funds for summer training camps for civilians.

The Naval Act of 1916 created federal legislation that called for vastly enlarging the US Navy. It authorized the creation of 10 battleships and six battle cruisers, of which the US and none, and scout cruisers, destroyers, and submarines

Individual deductibility - A big incentive to get donors. This expanded the Bureau of Internal Revenue jurisdiction to include assessing taxes, examining merchants' record books.

This Act required all men between 21-30 years to register for the military. Each received a number, and draftees were chosen like a lottery. In contrast to the Union's civil war conscription, there was no way for men to "opt out" of this draft.

Wartime agency that presented films, lectures, and poster on dangers of alcohol and prostitution in order to control soldiers' off-duty behavior

At start of war, African Americans were organized into their own units but white officers usually commanded them, typically assigned to construction and supply units, war expanded the role of African Americans within the armed forces, the y could serve all branches in the army except for aviation units

Commander of American Expeditionary Force of over 1 million troops who insisted his soldiers fight as independent units so US would have independent role in shaping the peace. He was the foremost military leader of his time.

About 2 million Americans went to France as members of this under General John J. Pershing. Included the regular army, the National Guard, and the new larger force of volunteers and draftees and they served as individuals.

A nickname for the inexperienced but fresh American soldiers during WWI

Most factories have switched from civilian to military production, food has grown rapidly to support armies, centralized controls administered by the war industries board, etc.

Executive volunteers staffed the country's War Production Board and other government agencies involved in the war effort while remain on the corporate payroll.

An administration created to feed wartime America and its allies. It oversaw the production and consumption of food. Herbert Hoover, a Quaker-humanitarian, was chosen as the leader, mostly because of his already existent title of "hero" that he acquired leading a massive charitable drive to feed the starving people of war-racked Belgium. This was the most successful of the wartime administrations.

Created 1917 to coordinate government purchases of military supplies. Bad when Wilson restructured and placed it under control of Bernard Baruch.

Guarantee of minimum prices for wheat and hogs, farm prices rose, government called for increased production, large quantities of food went to overseas allies + relieve hunger in Europe after the war, contributed greatly in economic line + food shortages in Europe

Where people bought bonds so the government could get that money now for war. The bonds increased in interest over time.

Organized labor has grown in strength during the course of the war, many unions won recognition and the 12-our workday was abolished, with an 8-hour workday. Temporarily bolstered the power of moderate labor unions.

Women's work in WW1. During WWI, large numbers of women were recruited into jobs vacated by men who had gone to fight in the war. New jobs were also created as part of the war effort, for example in munitions factories.

Southern blacks, realizing that the wartime manufacturing was creating jobs in the North, undertook a Great Migration to the big cities like New York, Chicago, St. Louis, and Detroit. During the war, more than 500,000 blacks left the South in search of work. Many blacks joined the army; W. E. B. Du Bois encouraged blacks to enlist, hoping that military service would provide an inroad to social equality. Sadly, the army segregated blacks and assigned them mostly to menial labor

Movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

1915, 1st epic film and considered a technological milestone but controversial for its subject matter -Southern view of Reconsturction where Union soldiers were corrupt and members of the KKK were heroes in this film by D.W. Griffith.

U.S. soldiers were upset after coming back from WWI that African Americans had started replacing their jobs and started violent riots. Racial tensions mounted, and race riots broke out in several cities. some of the worst violence occured in Chicago, where 13 days of rioting in 1919 left 38 people dead and some 500 injured.

1918 global outbreak of influenza, a highly contagious viral infection, killing as many as 30 million people worldwide.

It was headed by George Creel. The purpose of this committee was to mobilize people's minds for war, both in America and abroad. Tried to get the entire U.S. public to support U.S. involvement in WWI. Creel's organization, employed some 150,000 workers at home and oversees. He proved that words were indeed weapons.

A journalists who was the head of the Committee of Public Information. He helped the anti-German movement as well as inspired patriotism in America during the war.

United States federal law passed shortly after entering World War I, on June 15, 1917, which made it a crime for a person to convey information with intent to interfere with the operation or success of the armed forces of the United States or to promote the success of its enemies. The legislation was passed at the urging of President Woodrow Wilson, who feared any widespread dissent in time of war, thinking that it constituted a real threat to an American victory.

Wartime law that added to Espionage Act to cover "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the American form of government, the Constitution, the flag, or the armed forces.

Debs gave a speech denouncing American participation in WWI and led to his second arrest, in which he was convicted under the sedition act of 1918 and sentenced to a 10-year prison term. =

The end of WWI brought about this movement which celebrated all this American and attacked all ideas and people it viewed as foreign or anti American. People were afraid that immigrant ideologies would lure Americans into radically revolting against the government. It also brought about a revival of the KKK and felt that if you were not a white Anglo Saxon protestant you needed to do your best to act like one.

Unanimously upheld the Espionage Act of 1917 which declared that people who interfered with the war effort were subject to imprisonment; declared that the 1st Amendment right to freedom of speech was not absolute; free speech could be limited if its exercise presented a "clear and present danger."

Established in Schenck v United States (1919), it gives the government the right to censor free speech if, during national emergencies such as war, it can be proven that the result of the speech will significantly hurt national security.

A decision by the Supreme Court of the United States upholding the Sedition Act of 1918, which made it a criminal offense to urge stoppage of production of the materials necessary to the war against Germany with intent to hinder the progress of the war.

Intense fear of communism and other politically radical ideas were going to destroy the American way of life

Series of strikes and fear of revolution turned public opinion against unions. 60,000 unionist joined shipyard workers in a peaceful strike for higher pay-no violence. Police went on strike to protest the firing of a few police officers who tried to unionize National Guard to break the strike. US Steel Corp. struck; State and federal troops were called out and after considerable violence, the strike was broken in Jan. 1920.

Police force in Boston went on strike to protest layoffs and wage cuts and demanded union recognition, Governor Coolidge fired them and called the militia to be the police force; Public anxiety over the strike and fear of revolution contributed to Red Scare

Attorney General who rounded up many suspects who were thought to be un-American and socialistic; he helped to increase the Red Scare; he was nicknamed the "Fighting Quaker" until a bomb destroyed his home; he then had a nervous breakdown and became known as the "Quaking Fighter."

Part of the Red Scare, these were measures to hunt out political radicals and immigrants who were potential threats to American security; led to the arrest of nearly 5,500 people and the deportation of nearly 400. Led by A. Mitchell Palmer.

President Wilson call to the fighting nations that neither side would impose harsh terms on the others. Wilson hoped that all nations would join a "league for peace".

A statement given on January 8, 1918 by Wilson declaring that WW I was being fought for a moral cause and calling for postwar peace in Europe. The speech laid out a policy of free trade, open agreements, democracy and self-determination. Point 14 advocated for the League of Nations to be established that would keep world peace. Most of these points would not be realized, and the US would fail to join the League of Nations. However, it served as a model for the more successful Atlantic Charter after WWII

Treaty that ended World War I; it was much harder on Germany than Wilson wanted but not as punitive as France and England desired. It was harsh enough, however, to set stage for Hitler's rise of power in Germany in 1930s.