APUSH Unit 7 - Early 20th Century

urban middle class (mostly northerners)

• increase role of gov in reform —> direct elections

• capitalist economy (disliked monopolies)

• unlike populism, did not intensify regional and class differences

Populism failed because poor farmers were concerned with daily struggles, did not have opportunity to seek political activity

shared similar values as progressives

create a coalition between farmers in the South and West and urban laborers in the Midwest and Northeast.

Organizations of educated middle class pitied the poor: National Women’s Suffrage, American Bar Association, National Municipal League

Muckrakers

journalists who wrote of corporate greed and misconduct

• Lincoln Steffan’s Shame of Cities - critizied management in the workplace

• Ida Tarbell’s History of Standard Oil - warning of excessive oil production

• Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle - revealed horrors of meat packing industry

  • led to Food and Drug Administration

fought against racial injustice

faced opposition for promoting contraceptives

Granted Women’s Suffrage

woman suffrage supporters lectured, wrote, marched, lobbied, and practiced civil disobedience

Wisconsin gov that paved way for progressive state leaders

• direct primary elections

• progressive taxation (proportional to wealth)

• rail regulation

Ballot initiative: voters can propose laws

Referendum: public votes on new laws

Recall election: voters can remove officials from office

• minimum wage requirements

• limitations on length of workday

• child labor laws

• Urban housing codes

• Progressive income tax to redistribute wealth

liberal —> progressive

Mandate: free competition between businesses, prohibits activities that restrict interstate commerce and competition in the marketplace

Purpose: prohibit trusts, monopolies, and cartels. promote economic fairness and competitiveness and to regulate interstate commerce

Effect: stopped Roosevelt from investigating Railroad Company,

• Meat Inspection and Food and Drug Act

• National Park Service and National Forest Service

• limit power of federal gov to protect individual liberty

Conservative

• 16th amendment - national income tax

• 17th amendment - direct senator election

• Dollar Diplomacy

provide loans to Latin America and East Asia to secure good relationship

Democrat

• more gov control over business to protect consumer freedom

• did not support trusts or monopolies because it violated workers and consumers rights

• restore competition

  • more gov reg

  • lower tariffs

agency for promoting consumer protection, civil anti trust laws

prevented anti business competitive practices

more gov control over nations finances to prevent financial crises

Purpose: US controls Cuba

Mandate: Cuba could not make treaty without US involvement in affairs

Effect: American military occupied Cuba, anti American rose

US wants to build canal through Central America to shorten transportation from east coast to Cali so US starts Panam Revolution resulting in close commercial relations and military presence

Reflected imperialistic ideals of Roosevelt

Mandate: America has right to intervene in Western Hemisphere if US security is at stake and should not take part in internal Europe disputes

Purpose: warns European nations that the United States would not tolerate further colonization or puppet monarchs.

• US and Europe allied

• Europe rival with Germany (superpowers)

• 1912 Wilson sets the precedent of isolationism

• 1914 war between Allies (France, UK, Russia, US, Italy, and Japan) vs Germany

  • US declares nuetrality

1. England blockades US shipments to Germany and compensates US

2. Germany counter with threats of attack but U Boats (submarines) against international law

3. 1915 - Germans sink Lusitania that was carrying ammunition, 1000 dead, from US to British —> bad publicity for Germany

4. Germany continues damage so Wilson calls for war preparedness, public did not want intervention but support grew

5. 1917 - Zimmerman Telegram —> US gets involved in War

What and Who: Telegram from Germany to Mexico stating plans to keep the US out of the war with Germany by allying: if Mexico declares war on US then Germany will give back land taken from Mexican War

Effect: This was intercepted by British and convinced America of Germany’s efforts to take over, gaining more support for war effort

gov takes control of communication and transportation methods to ensure US and Allies are well supplied, but this proved slow and inefficient

prohibited using US mail to interfere with the war effort

draft

made it illegal to prevent war bond sales or speak ill of gov and war effort

Problem: Scheneck socialist anti capatalist mailed leaflets urging men to resist the draft because it violated the 13 amendment (no involuntary servitude)

Ruling: Holmes ruled civil liberties could be violated if absolute danger to the nation

Context: Russia placed under Bolshevik control

Impact: US paranoia of communism increased

Effect: led to radical labor unions because FBI tried to prevent enemies of state

businesses gain power while unions lose power

In efforts to eliminate communism in US: invaded privacy rights, deported immigrants, arrested 10,000

made all media portray Germans as monsters which increased violence toward German immigrants in US

20% went to work in factories but then returned to domesticity when vets took jobs back

Cause: Southern Blacks wanted North wartimes job opportunities

Action: 500,000 blacks joined army encouraged by WEB Du Bois for equality but segregation remained

• free trade through lower tariffs

• freedom of seas

• reduce army supplies globally

• promote self determination, end colonialism

• League of Nations

• Germany forced to cede German and colonial territories to Allies

• forced to disarm, pay reparations, admit total fault

• Germany humiliated and experienced economic ruin which ultimately led to WW2

Issue: US could not enter LoN because it would conflict with independence of foreign affairs and war

Effect: US isolationism resumed

• After WW1 economic decline ten boom by 1922 with the electric motor for work home and driving

• industries rise with growing middle class and wealth bragging (consumerism)

• department stores and automobile industry rise with convince, reaconsible pricing, and status

• Probusiness gov era

  • agencies assisted businesses

  • labor unions advocated for higher wages and safety

  • minimum wage and child labor null

• Teapot Dome Scandal

  • oil companies bribed US official to be able to drill on Public land

• supported anti lynching laws

• helped farmers with loans

• lower income taxes

business dropping pension plans, profit sharing, company parties, ect that appeal to workers by decreasing benefits workers would expect less benefits

• Henry Ford perfected mass production and assembly line making cars available to all middle class

• led to suburbs —> car=neccassity

• more roadways and policing traffic

• radio, family gathering cities

• electric power —> household appliance sale

• consumerism

  • married basic couples

  • women 15% entered workforce as teachers and secretaries to “keep up with the Jonses”

WW1, allure of big city and right to vote brought ideas of women emancipation —> flappers

• Movies: wealthiness and romance

• sports: baseball, Babe Ruth

• literature: Fitzgerald, Hemingway, O’Neill lost genernation

  • moved to Europe alienated from modernization

Where: black neighborhood of NYC: theatres Cultural clubs, newspapers

Who: WebDu Bois drew attention to movement

Hughes, Cullen, Hurston poets

Jazz

Major black cultural development

Featured improvisation and free spiritedness

Most notable musician Louis Armstrong

modernization vs reactionary backlash and renewed nativism

limits and quotas to restrict immigration

• 5 mil members

• attacked blacks, Jewish, urbanites and other unacceptable non Christian behavior

• targeted Southern and eastern europeans

• Italims immigrants Saco and Vanzetti arrested an executed on charges of murder

  • no proof - public controversy on left

Mandate: immigration quotas based on national origins. Discriminated against new immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe

Purpose: to reduce foreign influence on country

Effect: interpreted as product of xenophobia (fear or hatred of those of different cultures)

What: 1925 Tennessee passed law forbidding teachers to teach the theory of evolution

Who: Thomas Scopes broke the law and was tried by Darrow and Bryan

Impact: gained attention because encapsulated debate of traditional vs progression

• banned the manufacture, sale, and transport of alcoholic beverages

• Roots in reform campaigns of 1830s

• women’s political agenda until the Eighteenth amendment 1917

Mandate: outlawed American liquor industry

Response:

• resented gov intrusion in private matter

• effective organized crime producing and selling in cities

• Gangster era

open warfare between competing gangs, criminals, and law enforcement—inspired media

Prohibtion repealed

• 1929 - bottom of stock market fall out because people stop buying its products in as large quantities as they did before

  • Prices dropped, still no buyers

• Europes economy in depression as Germany attempted to make amends

• Manufacturers and farmers overproduced —> large inventories for years —> lay off workers —> crops worth less

• Supply exceeded demand

  • deflation, unemployment, business failures

• Gov had stopped regulating large businesses, had all wealth and power, put people out of work when businesses failed

• assured public only stock traders would be hurt because of irresponsible speculation

• Speculators included banks and corps —> bankrupt and unable to pay employees or bank deposits

• people laid of due to bankruptcy or to avoid it

• banks failed —> people lost life savings and homes

• Hoovervilles

• farmers struggled to survive as produce price dropped

• The dust bowl

shantytowns built by homeless

Cause: prolonged drought in Great Plains of Midwest

Effect:

• agrarian unrest- farmers fought evictions foreclosures by attacking those who tried to enforce them

• auction conspiring

• Farmers Holiday Association

Cause: dust bowl

What: organized demonstrations and threatened nationwide walk out of farmers

Purpose: raise prices of produce to support a living

Hoover Dam and Grand Coullee Dam

Federal Emergency Relief Administration: gov money to bail out large companies and banks with ability to pay moeny back later

What: highest protective tariff in US history

made situation worse because people needed products

• Thousands of poor veterans and families came to Washington to lobby for a federal aid bill that didn’t pass

• Built shaniteis or stay in gov offices until Hoover ordered Army to expel them (McCarthus used excessive force)

  • cavalry and tear gas, burned shanties

  • deaths and injuries

Hoover: unpopular due to BEF heat, stressed traditional conservative values, didn’t like porhibtion

Roosevelt: inventiosoint gov, relief payments to unemployed —> won

Roosevelt summoned an emergency Congress session for recovery plan. During the first hundred day the gov implements major programs of the First New Deal.

• Emergency Banking Relief Bill - poorly managed banks under control of Treasury department and stable banks granted gov licenses

• Banking Act of 1933

  • Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

    • guarantee bank deposits (protect people money from bankruptcy)

• inflationary measures to artificially raise prices

Broadcasted over the radio where Roosevelt assured the public that bans were secure Millions redeposited savings and banks were healthy to contribute to economic recovery

• Similar to Populists during the 1800s farmers overproduced and prices continued to fall

• Agricultural Adjustment Act - payments to farmers who agree to cut production by half

  • this federal aid came from increased taxes

• Farm Credit Act - loans to farmers in danger of foreclosure

• National Industry Recover Act - strengthened business and, eliminated overproduction stabilizing prices

• Public Works Administration - $3 bil to create jobs, roads, sewers, public housing units, etc

• Civilian Conservation Corps - provided grants to states to manage own public work projects

• Tennessee Valley Authority - provided energy to region economic recovery under gov

• National Labor Relations Board - mediated labor disputes

• Securities and Exchange Commission - regulated the stock market

unemployment rate dropped, wages rose, Democrats majority politically

Lots of deficit spending to finance relief

• opposed higher tax rates

• disliked gov power over business

• relief prgrams removed incentive for poor to lift out of poverty

• Leftists complained paying farmes not to grow was immoral because people were starving

• balmed corporate greed for depression, gov favored business too much

gained popularity by calling for nationalization: gov take over businesses

• Nira agency that regulated businesses through wages, price ceilings, max hours, unions, ruled unconstitutional

• AAA paying farmers eliminated, came back later

Supreme court was getting rid of some New Deal polices and Roosevelt wanted more gov intervention so he tried to raise number of senators to have more democrats - rejected

• Works Progress Administration - 8 mil jobs paid by gov , employed Media jobs for travel guides and record history

• supported labor and unions

• Social Security Administration - retirement benefits for old disabled and non workers

• Increased taxes on wealthy and top businesses

• New Deal Coalition

Democratic union member,s urbanites, underclass, blacks - kept Roosevelt in office

Cause

• cut back gov programs to balance budget

• Federal Reserve Board tried to slow inflation

  Effect

• took money out of circulation, unemployment rose

• gov funded military because of coming war in Europe

minimum wage and 40 hour work week

Success: many escaped poverty, Reform of backing finance and unions,

Fail: did not fix unemployment, too short lived, did no benefit equally, AA hurt blacks and tenant farmers by putting them out of work, segregated public project works

• promote and maintain peace

• Washington Conference - 8 world Powers treaty limited stocking arms and reaffirmed Open Door Policy to China

• Kellogg Briand Act - war = foreign policy

• Good Neighbor Policy - US promoted internet in Latin America and repealed Platt Amendment

called for protection of equal privileges for all countries trading with China and for the support of Chinese territorial and administrative integrity.

US kept tariffs high

Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act - pres could reduce Tariffs to achieve foreign policy goals

lobbied for WW1

• prohibited selling arms to those in war

• banned loans to those in war

• the allowed selling to help Allies

Us could lend arms to England, ships sent to protect those arms

Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Churchill - declared Allies goals” disarm, self determination, freedom of seas, national security

Japan, Italy, Germany allied

US didn’t like Japan Expansion so US stopped trading

Japan attacks and US enters WW2

research effort to develop first atomic bombs in Mexico. Soviets infiltrated the program (Rosenburg)

Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin - Normandy invasion to divide Germany

What: Allied forces invaded France fought Germans

Effect: Soviet Union had to recoup in Eastern Europe, US dropped two atomic bombs on Japan deafeating the Axis powers

• rationing

• scientific efforts for radar and sonar

• Labor Disputes Act - gov involvement

• Hollywood propaganda to support war

• 1940 Selective Training and Service Act

• segrgated military

• Rosie the Riveter women in industrial jobs, had to return to doesitciy

• internment of Japanses americns

  • imprisoned and encamped based on ethnic background out of fear

  • 1988 apology and compensation

• Allies had won

• Stalin wanted buffer zone between Western Europe and Soviet Union - he was allowed to hold free elections in Eastern Europe but established Soviet satellites and Iron Curtain instead

• United Nations

coined by Churchill -symbolic division between Eastern and Western Europe and origins of Cold War