Chapter 9: The Executive Branch and the Bureaucracy 

Iron triangles

________ are alliances that develop between bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees or subcommittees.

Barack Obama

________ was the first African- American to receive a major party nomination and win the presidency in 2008 and 2012.

Hatch Act

The ________ of 1939, amended in 1993, prohibits government employees from engaging in political activities while on duty or running for office or seeking political funding while off duty.

Treasury

________ (1789): Collects federal revenues, pays federal bills, mints coins and prints paper money, and enforces alcohol, tobacco, and firearm laws.

House of Representatives

The ________ has the authority to impeach the president or vice president for "Treason, Bribery or other High Crimes and Misdemeanors ..

Pendleton Act

The ________ of 1883 replaced the spoils system with a merit- based system of hiring and promotion.

Congress

________ can set appropriations, pass laws affecting agency operations, approve or reject appointments, and conduct oversight with hearings and investigations.

Twenty Fifth Amendment

The ________ also provides for presidential disability, where the vice president becomes acting president if the president is unable to perform their duties.

complex administrative body

A bureaucracy is a structured system for organizing a large and ________ responsible for the day- to- day tasks of the organization.

Impeachment

________ involves bringing charges of wrongdoing against a government official.

Civil Service Reform Act

The ________ of 1978 created the Office of Personnel Management to recruit, train, and establish classifications and salaries for federal employees.

Commerce

________ (1903): Grants patents and trademarks, conducts the national census, and promotes international trade.

Agriculture

________ (1889): Provides agricultural assistance to farmers and ranchers, inspects food, and manages national forests.

Twenty Second Amendment

The ________ limits the president to two elected terms after Franklin D. Roosevelt won four times.

White House Office

________: Personal and political staff members who help with the day- to- day management of the executive branch.

Hillary Clinton

________ became the first woman to win a major party nomination in 2016 but lost the general election to Donald Trump.

Interest groups

________ can influence the bureaucracy by lobbying congressional committees, and sometimes an "iron triangle "of a bureaucratic agency, ________, and congressional committee may form.

Issue networks

________ are individuals in Washington located within interest groups, congressional staff, think tanks, universities, and the media who regularly discuss and advocate public policies.

hierarchical authority

Bureaucracies generally follow three principles: ________, job specialization, and formal rules.

Navy

Defense (1789): Formed from the Department of War and the Department of the ________ (1789) but changed to the Department of Defense in 1947; manages the armed forces, operates military bases.

National Security Council

________: Advises the president on matters of domestic and foreign national security.

Bureaucratic capture

________ occurs when regulatory agencies are more loyal to interest groups than to elected officials.

Political scientist James David Barber

________ classified presidents into four types based on their personality and character: active- positive, active- negative, passive- positive, and passive- negative.

Bureaucrats

________ have discretionary authority to interpret legislation and "fill in the gaps "where Congress has left the legislation vague, which allows them to write specific regulations that determine the implementation of public policy (rule- making)

Executive

________ and congressional influences affect the bureaucracy, including appointments, budgets, and legislation.

implementation of public policy

The bureaucracy's primary role is the ________, and it has a significant impact on public policy making.

Vice President

The nominee for ________ is selected by the presidential nominee at the national convention.

federal bureaucracy

The ________ is the largest in the United States, with 2.8 million employees.

Environmental Quality

Council on ________: Coordinates federal environmental efforts and analyzes environmental policies and initiatives.

Twenty Fifth Amendment

The ________ was added to the Constitution after the assassination of John F. Kennedy, stating that the vice president becomes president if the office of the president becomes vacant.

Congress

Power of the purse, which requires agency budgets to be authorized and appropriated by ________.

Bureaucracies generally follow three principles

hierarchical authority, job specialization, and formal rules

Office of U.S. Trade Representative

Advises the president about foreign trade and helps negotiate foreign trade agreements

Justice (1870)

Provides legal advice to the president, enforces federal laws, represents the United States in court, and operates federal prisons

Agriculture (1889)

Provides agricultural assistance to farmers and ranchers, inspects food, and manages national forests

Health and Human Services (1953)

Administers Social Security and Medicare/Medicaid programs, promotes health care research, and enforces pure food and drug laws

Housing and Urban Development (1965)

Provides home financing and public housing programs, and enforces fair housing laws

Transportation (1967)

Promotes mass transit programs and programs for highways, railroads, and air traffic, and enforces maritime law

Energy (1977)

Promotes development and conservation of fossil fuels, nuclear energy, research programs

Homeland Security (2002)

aims to prevent terrorist attacks and minimize damage in the US