Exam #3 (Chapters 10-14)

Taliban

• a group of fundamentalist Muslims who took control of Afghanistan's government

• extreme fundamentalist Islamic organization

loess

• fertile, silty soil deposited by the wind

theocracy

• a government controlled by religious leaders

• Tibet was theocracy led by Dalai Lama (leader of Buddhist religion)

Reason why environment is relatively clean in Central Asia

• low population density

Reasons for shrinking Aral Sea

• use of water from rivers feeding the sea for irrigation

• 60% of the sea's volume disappeared, causing economic and cultural damages

• series of dikes has helped raise water level by 26 feet

• pollution also a problem

Climate Change effects in Central Asia

• would be hit hard by global warming

• retreat of glaciers

• 80% of Tibet's glaciers are melting

• reduced precipitation in arid lowlands

• desertification

• saltinization

Highest population concentration in Central Asia

• lowland population where highlands meet the plains

Areas of current Chinese control

• Xinjiang & Tibet

Country with worst overall social indicators

• Afghanistan

Social conditions in former Soviet Republics

• literacy, life expectancy, education levels remain high for both men & women

• women feel their place is slipping

Problems with oil wealth

• pipelines go through Russia (high fees)

Taiwan vs. China political status

• China claims Taiwan as own territory

Special economic zones (SEZs)

• welcome foreign investment

• economic growth is around 10%

Superconurbation

• like meglapolis, huge zone of coalesced metropolitan areas (Tokoyo, Nagoya, Oskaa)

% energy supply coming from hydroelectricity

• very little for supply vs. demand

Most serious environmental hazards in Japan

• earthquakes & tsunnamis

Side effects of China's one-child policy

• gender imbalance, abortion or abandonment of girls, kidnapping of boys to sell to wealthy families, more boys born

Concentration of population in Japan and South Korea

JAPAN:

• Tokoyo, Osaka, Nagoya hold 65% of Japan's people (Tokiado Corridor)

• most crowded in mainland industrial belt

• shows a system of superconurbation SOUTH KOREA:

• noted for urban primacy (concentration of urban population in a single city)

Most densely populated area in East Asia

• South Korea & Taiwan

Cultural internationalism in East Asia

• Japan: English a common language

• South Korea: K-pop

Country most Marxist

• North Korea

India's "breadbasket"

• 1970-1990s: India more than doubled annual grain production (punjab)

• Green Revolution

Purpose of Golden Quadrilateral Highway

• few freeways, travel time long

• new route to connect New Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, and Mumbai

• farms, sacred cities, environment destroyed

Hutment

• crude shelters built on sidewalks

Population in South Asia

• recently surpassed East Asia

• India has more than 1.3 billion people

Possible unifying language/lingua franca in India

• English

• Hindi

Debate over Kashmir

• under British rule

• many Kashmiris wish to join Pakistan

• some want to join India

Top polluted cities in South Asia

• air pollution in Delhi 6x recommended maximum

• India to create air quality index/stricter regulations

"Insular" Southeast Asia

• region of countless islands

• Indonesia, Philippines, & Malaysia

Domino Theory

• fear that if Vietnam fell to communism, the rest of Southeast Asia would follow

ASEAN

• Association of Southeast Asian Nations

• Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, Vietnam, China, and Taiwan all make claims to the Spratly and Paracel Islands

• cooperation, concerns about outside influences (Chinese, Western)

Swidden

• cut forest/brush, burn to obtain nutrients in soil, then farmed until no longer productive, move to next area

Major reason for deforestation in Southeast Asia

• logging for export

• damages watersheds, landscapes, habitats

Singapore and low TFR

• promoting childbearing

Major reason for strained relationship with Chinese immigrants

• considered aliens & are wealthy

Country both on mainland & in islands

• Malaysia

Language in South Asia

• 5 major linguistic groups

• Austronesian languages (Madagascar to Easter Island)

• Tibeto-Burman languages (Burmese)

• Tai-Kadai languages (Thailand, Laos, uplands of Vietnam, parts of southern China)

• Mon-Khmer languages (Vietnamese & Khmer language of Cambodia)

• Malay the lingua franca

Importance of Spratly Islands

• contain many resources so fought over (oil)

Vietnam's economy

• grew over 8% per year

• follows the Chinese model of economics (embracing market economies while retaining political forms of communism)

Status of education in Southeast Asia

• Singapore & Brunei lead the region in health & education

• Loas, Cambodia, Burma, & East Timor rank low

• many countries place high priority on basic education

• high literacy rates

• many study abroad

Atoll

• low, sandy island ringed by coral

• often orientated around a central lagoon, originating with a volcano

Aborigine

• native Australian population

Outback

• Australia's thinly settled, huge, dry interior

Location of most cities in Australia

• along the coast

Least developed country in Australia & Oceania

• Melanesia

Most important economic activity in Australia

• mining

Most important livestock in New Zealand

• sheep

Classic signs of underdevelopment seen in Oceania

• housing shortage

• inadequate roads & schools

• street crime