Studied by 31 peopleWho chose their cases carefully in regards to the bus boycott
NAACP chose their cases carefully
When was the Rosa Parks arrested
1st December 1955
What is the MIA
Montgomery Improvement Agency
Why was the MIA formed
Formed to organise the bus boycott on 2nd December 1955
Who was chosen to lead the bus boycott
Martin Luther King
What did the MIA organise to get people to work
Taxis and other transport to get people to work
What percentage of black bus users joined the boycott
90%
What percentage did black bus users make up of the total bus users
70%
How long did the bus boycott last
380 days
What rules did Martin Luther King follow with the bus boycott
Rules of non-violent protest
When was bus segregation ruled as unconstitutional
November 13th 1956
What was Martin Luther King conscious of?
The media
What did Martin Luther King set up
Southern Christian Leadership Conference SCLC
What are the rules for non-violent protest
Must be clear who the oppressor is
Getting arrested publicly and peacefully
Accept as many white people as you can
How many black children were selected to attend a previously all-white school in Arkansas
9 children selected
Who went to stop the children under orders from the racist governor
The National Guard
How many children went to the school by car
8 out of the 9
Who didn’t get the message to not take public transport to the school
Elizabeth Eckford
Who got a meeting with Eisenhower about Little Rock
Martin Luther King
What did Eisenhower do with Little Rock
Reluctantly sent in federal troops to guard the children
When was the Greensboro Sit in
1st Feb 1960
Where did the 4 black students wait to be served
A segregated lunch counter
How many students came the next day
30
What did the white crowd do to the students at Greensboro
Blow smoke in their faces
Poured food over them
Why did the Greensboro Sit in stop
A bomb threat
What is the SNCC
Students Non-Violent Coordinating Committee
When and where was the SNCC set up
April 15th 1960, Raleigh, North Carolina
What did the SNCC do
Pushed for voter registration in the South
Who setup the Freedom rides in 1961
Core and SNCC, organised by James Farmer
What did the Freedom Rides aim to do?
Desegregate rest stops and service stations
How many people died due to the Freedom Rides
3 died
What was Birmingham nicknamed
Bombingham
What did Martin Luther King want to do to Birmingham
Desegregate the town
When did the desegregation campaign in Birmingham start
April 3rd 1963
Who sent federal troops in Birmingham
Kennedy
In 1964 who decided for a push for voter regisration
SNCC
How many volunteers did the SNCC send in 1964
45
On the 21st June 1964 how many volunteers disappeared
3, one black, 2 white
How many black people tried to vote in 1964 and how many accepted
17000, 1600
What did Stokely Carmichael set up in 1965
Lowndes County Freedom Organisation
What did Carmichael say about non-violent protests
They weren’t working
What did Carmichael want Civil Rights protests to do
Radicalise and exclude white campaigners
What did he want to replace the cry “Freedom” with
“Black Power!”
Who used the black power salute in the 1968 Olympics
Tommie Smith and John Carlos
When were the black panthers set up
1966
Where did the riots take place in 1964
New York, Chicago, Philadelphia
Why did the riots happen
Police Brutality as the trigger
What happened to the image of non-violent black people
It was replace with the media from the riots of burning cities
In 1965 where did $18 million of Federal Aid go
Watts District of Los Angeles
How many riots were there in major city slums
20
Where did MLK’s Northern Crusade focus
Chicago
What happened to the Crusade
it petered out
Why did many think the Northern Crusade was a failure
It brought no permanent change
Why was King’s relationship with the media turning sour
He accused them of trying to make him say militant statements
When was King assassinated
April 4th 1968
What piece of Civil Rights legislation was passed in 1964
Civil Rights Act
What piece of Civil Rights legislation was passed in 1965
Voting Rights Act`
Which act sets up the Civil Rights Commission and
Civil Rights Act
What does the Civil Rights Commission do
Gives federal justice department more rights to supervise voter regisration
What does the Civil Rights Act make a crime
Obstructing federal orders
What does the Civil Rights Act ban discrimination for
Sex or Race in hiring firing or promoting
What does the Voting Rights Act ban
Any attempts to stop people voting because of their race
How long are the provisions for the Voting Rights Act in place
5 years
Legally in 1980 what were black americans
Full citizens
What developed to a more significant extent
A black upper and middle class
What increased along with the amount of black graduates
Home ownership
What did some think after the Civil Rights and Voting Rights Acts were passed
That Civil Rights were completed
What kind of quota was created
A minority quota, many felt like they were not there on merit
What was termination
Native Americans were freed from federal control and protected and policed by the US.
What is a downside of termination
Lands once held in trust by the government would now be open for sale
Which act forced the relocation of many Native Americans
Indian Removal Act 1830
By the 1960s what had been widely agreed about the Indian Removal Act
That it was extremely unfair
What is the BIA
Bureau of Indian Affairs
What did the BIA setup from 1893 onwards
Indian Boarding Schools Act
Why was the Indian Boarding Schools Act bad
It forced children to speak only English, cut their hair and give up their native customs. Older children were placed as farmers.
What did the Indian Civil Rights Act do in 1968
Banned tribes from restricting the civil rights of tribal members
What does AIM stand for
American Indian Movement
Who created AIM
Young, radical and urban people
What was the AIM slogan
Red Power
What was the Trial of Broken Treaties
In 1972 when AIM did a protest drive against BIA and occupied their building
What did Nixon reject to do with Native Americans
Forced assimilation and termination
What did Nixon bring to congress to do with Native Americans
Bills for Indian autonomy
By 1980 which bills had congress passed
1972 Indian Education Act
1974 Indian Financing Act
1975 Indian Self-Determination Act
1975 Voting Rights Act Extended
1978 Indian Child Welfare Act
What did the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act do
Transferred 40 million acres and $462,500,000 to Native Americans
What did Nixon’s administration not do for Native Americans
Didn’t reform the BIA
Didn’t renegotiate about Native American Sacred Sites
What did the Bracero Program Guarantee
Guaranteed incoming Mexicans the same wages as existing workers but this didn’t always work
What happened after the American-Mexican War
Mexicans living in areas that became America could become citizens or relocate to Mexico
What happened to many farm workers on the bracero programme
They had appalling living and working conditions but they couldn’t complain because there were more workers they could hire.
What did Hispanic Americans also face
Discrimination the same as black americans
What happened to many Hispanic Americans from 1953 onwards
Deportation
What is Operation Wetback
A government drive to find illegal Mexican immigrants and force them to relocate
How many Hispanic Americans deported from 1953
3.8 million
Who were the key Hispanic Civil Rights figures
Cesar Chavez, Reies Lopez, Rodolfo Gonzales
What did Cesar Chavez do
Fought for workers rights and for better working conditions
Set up a farm workers union
What did Reies Lopez do
Organised protests surrounding New Mexico land. Worked with Black Power leaders
What did Reies Lopez do in 1967
Went to complete a Citizens Arrest but it went wrong and they took hostages and a gun battle ensued.
What did Rodolfo Gonzales focus on
Race. He started off working in the the system but turned radical
What were the Brown Berets
Young militant organisation setup in 1967
What happened in 1954 to do with Native Americans
Supreme Court ruled that Hispanic People were equal citizens
What did only Cubans get
Cuban American Adjustment Act, all Cubans who had lived in America for a year were permanent residents
Note
Flashcard