AP Human Geography Unit 3 Review

the study of how cultures vary over space

a particular group's material characteristics, behavioral patterns, beliefs, social norms, and attitudes that are shared and transmitted

a place where innovations and new ideas originate and diffuse to other places which can include Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus River Valley, etc

a repetitive act that a particular individual performs

a repetitive act that a particular group performs

values items such as clothing, furniture, and artifacts that are physically tangible

values customs, traditions, folk stories, myths, religion, oral and written languages (mentifacts) in addition to religious organizations, political and educational institutions, etc (sociofacts) that are intangible. For instance: Folk music may tell stories about daily activities such as farming in an agrarian society and is passed down to generations.

an object made by a human being, typically an item of cultural or historical interest.

Nonmaterial parts of a culture such as language, religion, artistic pursuits, folk stories, myths, etc.

institutions of culture that link people: family structure, political ideas

-Traditionally practiced primarily by small homogeneous groups living in isolated rural areas and may include a custom such as wearing a sarong in Malaysia or a sari in India. -Cultural practices that form the sights, sounds, smells and rituals o everyday existence in the traditional societies in which they developed. Reflects the local environment.

-Found in large, heterogeneous societies that share certain habits (such as wearing jeans) despite differences in other personal characteristics. Larger scale is covered by a popular culture than folk culture. -Convey a notion of cultural productions fueled by mass media and consumerism. Usually found in large, heterogeneous societies. Relatively uniform across space but rapidly changes over time- "fads"

the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale. It involves the interconnection of global economies, cultures, technologies, etc., leading to increased interaction and integration between people, companies, and governments worldwide.

the spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another

The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population.

the spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places

The spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected.

measures a country's loss of achievement due to gender inequality, based on reproductive health, employment, and general empowerment

group of people who share a common identity and cultural traditions of a hearth

When the ethnicity is forced to one area it is a ghetto- least desirable part of the city Ex. Chinatowns

experiences of people who come from a common ethnic background but who live in different regions or ethnic neighborhoods

identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country

ethnicities have the right to govern themselves

territory corresponds to that occupied by an ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality Ex. Denmark

loyalty and devotion to a nationality

attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state. Ex Star- Spangled Banner, 9/11

forces that tend to divide a country - such as internal religious, linguistic, ethnic or ideological differences.

contain two ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities

the more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes the less powerful ethnic group to make a homogenous nation-state. Ex Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Jews in WW2, Romas

one of the oldest, geographically diverse, and most complex cultural traits on earth. System of communication through speech, symbols, and/or writing

geographically distinct versions of a single language that vary from the parent form Ex. English in U.S. vs. London, English in South and North

word-usage boundary, boundary lines of different words coaslesce in some locations to form regions

a collection of many languages, all which came from the same original tongue long ago, but have since evolved different characteristics Ex. Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan

Further division from family to group, set of languages with a relatively recent common origin and many similar characteristics Ex. Romance languages

language in which all government business occurs, is established by a country.

language of international communication (often to facilitate trade). Ex. English

new language with some characteristics of at least two languages, which occurs when two groups with different languages meet

pidgin language that evolves to the point at which it become the primary language. Ex. Colonizer language with indigenous language, such a Afrikaans (Dutch + Other languages, like Malay, Portuguese, and Bantu)

language is no longer in use by living people. Ex. Colonialism in Africa destroyed some languages

religions that seek to unite, attempt to be global and appeal to all Ex. Christianity, Islam, Buddhism

• divided into branches, denominations and sects

appeals primarily to one group of people, living in one place, more spiritually bound to particular regions. Ex. Hinduism, Judaism

expand their membership by using missionaries to recruit new followers Ex. Christianity

Teach the primacy of a single god

Universalizing, monotheistic religion with origins in Judaism, Jesus was the chosen messiah, most widespread- 2 billion. Three major branches: Roman Catholic, Protestant, Eastern Orthodox

universalizing, monotheistic religion, stemming from Judiasm, belief that thereis a god Allah and that Muhammah was Allah's prophet. Observe Koran and the five pillars. More than 1 billion worldwide. Two main branches- Shia and Sunni (larger branch)

Universalizing. Founded by Siddhartha Gautama in 6th century B.C. Teaches that suffering originates form our attachment to life and worldly possessions. Nirvana is the goal for Buddhists to achieve.

Largest ethnic religion. Closely tied to Indian culture such as the caste system, cows are holy etc.

Ethnic religion. first major monotheistic religion based on sense of ethnic identity

literal interpretation and strict and intense adherence to basic principles of a religion (goes against current global culture)

a dialect that is well established and widely recognized as the most acceptable for government, business, education, and mass communication.

collection of languages related through common ancestral language that existed several thousand years ago.

Large and fundamental division within a religion

a division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body

relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination

individuals who help to transmit a universalizing religion through relocation diffusion

follower of a polytheistic religion in ancient times

a journey for religious purposes to a place considered sacred

identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor.

a state that contains more than one ethnicity

The process through which a state breaks down due to conflicts among its ethnicities—as most notably experienced by Eastern Europe during early 20th century.

social or cultural prohibitions that dictate what actions are considered unacceptable within a particular group. Ex. Muslims not eating pork

teach the primacy of a single god

believe in numerous gods or spiritual powers

• Clarifies the importance of cultural values on the distribution of power in societies

• Throughout history, in many cultures, certain behaviors have been acceptable for only one gender, and often only in certain spaces

• Men often get more freedom in public spaces, while certain private spaces have been reserved for Women. Ex. Women belong in the kitchen

the process by which ppl in one culture adopt some traits of another culture while maintaining their own cultural traits. Ex. When someone from India stops wearing a traditional kurta and starts wearing blue jeans

Having people conform with the customs, attitudes etc of an existing group Ex. Native American assimilation in the U.S.

when people start to "leave" their culture. Most times this is a loss of traditional values.

when everyone starts to have one mass global culture Ex. The prominence of English in the world

Cultural pluralism or diversity within a society like in the United States

blending of cultures and ideas from different places Faith, cultures and customs bouncing off of each other and fusing together Sometimes because of trade, colonialism etc. Ex. Spanglish, Creole languages

ombinations of physical features, agricultural and industrial practices, religious and linguistic characteristics, evidence of sequent occupancy, and other expressions of culture including traditional and postmodern architecture and land-use patterns.

the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape

How humans reside/use land in their culture- residential, agricultural, commercial, urban, transportation etc.

use your own culture as the center/correct one and evaluate all other cultures based on that. Ex. "Ew, you eat insects in your culture?"

refers to not judging a culture to our own standards of what is right, wrong, strange or normal. Instead we should try to understand cultural practices of other groups in its own cultural context. Ex. "I have never tried eating an insect but let me try it or why do you eat insects?"

Made up of structures within the physical landscape caused by human imprint/human activities; how human activities modify and shape the natural world. Analogy:

the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape.

differences in socioeconomic and political power and opportunity between men and women.

deliberately causing the death of an infant girl due to a preference for male children in certain societies.

the murders or suicides of women who are killed or driven to end their lives by continuous harassment and torture by husbands and in-laws attempting to extort an increased dowry.

a Spanish-speaking neighborhood

The feeling that an area has a distinct and meaningful character

locations or environments that lack unique characteristics and appear generic or homogenous due to globalization and commercialization.

the view that the natural environment has a controlling influence over various aspects of human life including cultural development

The physical environment may limit some human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to their environment.

the belief that the culture in which we are raised determines who we are at emotional and behavioral levels. This supports the theory that environmental influences dominate who we are instead of biologically inherited traits.

Adoption of diffusing traits that are not practical or reflective of a region's environment or culture. Ex: the spread of grass lawns and monoculture crops which are both actively very harmful to the environment and the popularity of wearing blue jeans in any weather despite the impracticality of wearing them in extreme heat or cold.

individuals or groups who adopt a new idea, product, or technology after the majority of society has already done so. They are typically skeptical about innovation and change.

Pattern of diffusion of a cultural trait, characterized by early adopters, majority adopters, then late adopters.

Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts.

centers of more people, which means more cultures coming together. The establishment of trading routes such as the Silk Road led to further trading and communication connections to arise.

an ancient network of trade routes that connected the East and West, stretching from China to the Mediterranean Sea. It played a significant role in economic, cultural, political, and religious interactions between these regions.

Globalization and Urbanization

the population shift from rural areas to urban areas, the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas

Greater access to goods, services, and information throughout the world

loss of cultural uniqueness/folk cultural traditions, loss of indigenous languages(decreased linguistic diversity)

social mixing

bringing together people from different social backgrounds within shared spaces or activities, with the aim of improving community cohesion and reducing social inequalities.