AP World History Unit 3 and 4 Key Terms

• 517-1649

• Religious, cultural, and social change of Europe in the 16th century.

• Occurred because of corruption in the Catholic Church.

• began in Wittenberg, Germany, on October 31, 1517

• when Martin Luther published a document 

• This document brought up serious debate which is how it began

A religious movement that allowed for the development of people’s interpretation on Christianity and led to the development of a new branch of the religion called Protestantism

This was a political movement so it relates to governance through the political lens of this event

In some cases, the increase and intensification of interactions between newly connected hemispheres expanded the reach and furthered development of existing religions, and contributed to religious conflicts and the development of syncretic belief systems and practices.

The Protestant Reformation marked a break with existing Christian traditions and both the Protestant and Catholic reformations contributed to the growth of Christianity.

Scientific revolution and the protestant reformation both lead to new ideas revolving around the church.

Political and religious disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states.

Political rivalries between the Ottoman and

Safavid empires intensified the split within

Islam between Sunni and Shi’a

• 14th century 

• Ottoman empire 

• Became relevant to make administrative and military stronger

• this was a time when empires were centralizing power which put less reliance on noble families (aristocracy

• Collected from Eastern Europe and Southeastern Europe and Spread to the Ottoman Empire

• Balken peninsula

• Christian lands

• practice of forcibly recruiting soldiers and bureaucrats from among the children of their Balkan Christian subjects and raising them in the religion of Islam

• some of these bureaucrats and soldier rose to very high ranks in society

• Social- Recruited Soldiers who were Christian and forced them to become Muslim. They were in a lower class in their system because they were basically slaves. 

• Gov - allowed sultans to centralize power by making the soldiers and beaurocrats loyal to him

Recruitment and use of bureaucratic elites,

as well as the development of military professionals, became more common among rulers who wanted to maintain centralized control over their populations and resources.

• Slavery, they are both forced and taken 

• Meaningfully different because in devshirme they move up social hierarchy and gain power

• Slavery allows no social mobility

• 16th-19th centuries

• Used to an equal (egalitarian) society

• Mixed ethnic origins but originated from Ukraine

• In Ukraine, southern Russia

• typically lived in rural regions away from cities

• Military men with horse skills (rode horses)

• Defended Ukraine

• Free people

• Had swift and violent attacks with warfare tactics

• Formed by runaway serfs

• Employed by tsars to Protected Russian empire and got paid land

• unruly/barbarians, merciless, 

• allowed a great degree of self-governance in exchange for military service

• Social - they fought enemies and they were fierce protectors of Russia organized by the serfs

• They would cause fear in their opponents

• Gov. - allowed tsars to rule with less help from the boyars (noble families of Russia

Recruitment and use of bureaucratic elites, as well as the development of military professionals, became more common among rulers who wanted to maintain centralized controlover their populations and resources.

• The Cossacks and the Mongols were similar because they both had strong military tactics and fight

• They were both barbaric and used horse warfare

• Also like skunks - if you invade skunk territory they will spray you, and if you invaded Cossack territory they would fight you

• AKA Qing dynasty (formerly Ming)

• Sought to expand inland

• Known for military conquest (Note: Attempted to take Joseon-controlled Korea)

• Conquered Ming Dynasty in 1640 as outside (viewed as outsiders and lesser than) invaders (Like Mongols) 

• Practiced Confucianism

• East Asia

• China 

• Former Ming Dynasty territory

•  militaristic empire focused on expanding land and power across China. (Conquered inward towards steppes) 

• Tolerant leaders tried to keep harmony between various beliefs and cultures like Confucianism, Islam, and Buddhism. 

• Used imperial portraits to show power. (Like the use of the French Palace of Versailles

Economy

• Taxes were frozen

• Military shrank to cut costs

• (A brief portion of the beginning of the dynastic cycle

Imperial expansion relied on the increased use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade to establish large empires in both hemispheres.

Mongol empire

• Outside invaders

• Powerful

• Massive expansion of land and power

• Early Modern Period

• ruled 1556-1605 (2nd half of 16th Cent.)

• during large expansion of the Mughal Empire

• India (South Asia)

• Afghanistan to Bengal, south to central Indian Deccan

• Akbar is grandson of the famous Babur who invaded India from central Asia

• Ruled massive empire

• Silver from S. America helped him rule. 

• silver helped Akbar and the Mughal empire to increase trade 

• economically and socially dynamic place

• old hierarchies were challenged

• Akbar was a reformer

  • military

  • tax

  • cultural policy

Rulers continued to use religious ideas, art, and monumental architecture to legitimize their rule.

Centralization of power

• 1492

• Christopher Columbus discovered the resources in the New World

• Many Europeans heard of this new area, so leaders funded expeditions based on the possibility of gaining wealth

• Both New and Old worlds

• The Americas and Europe

• Afroeuasia to the Americas

• An era of exchange and extraction between Indigenous American peoples and European settlers. 

• Culture, animals, people, plants, and disease spread across trans-oceanic routes. 

• The creation of large-scale connections between Eurasia, Africa, and the Americas

• Culture or economy

• Traditional elements of culture, like food and animals, were exchanged while strengthening the European economy.

• Altered the environment

• Cultures spread

• New diseases were introduced all around - this led to the great dying 

• New foods

• Slave labor → Caused Trans-Atlantic slave trade

The new connections between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres resulted in the exchange of new plants, animals, and diseases, known as the Columbian Exchange.

European colonization of the Americas led to the unintentional transfer of disease vectors, including mosquitoes and rats, and the spread of diseases that were endemic in the Eastern Hemisphere, including smallpox, measles, and malaria. Some of these diseases substantially reduced the indigenous populations, with catastrophic effects in many areas.

American foods became staple crops in various parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Cash crops were grown primarily on plantations with coerced labor and were exported mostly to Europe and the Middle East.

Afro-Eurasian fruit trees, grains, sugar, and domesticated animals were brought by Europeans to the Americas, while other foods were brought by African enslaved persons.

Populations in Afro-Eurasia benefitted nutritionally from the increased diversity of American food crops

The Silk Roads

• Both brought new items and beliefs to vast areas of the world. 

• Effects are seen today in modern cuisine, beliefs, clothing, and much more. 

• Economies grew as Afro-Eurasian traders traveled to gain and give goods and ideas.

• Lasted from Mid 16th century to 1860’s

• Caused by the great dying

West and Central Africa, Western Europe, North and South America

• Was a way the Europeans could enter the Indian Ocean trade.

  • So they could trade with china for good.

• Economy and government 

• Focused on currency, and the way governments use it.

• As more silver entered the Ming government changed its policy and required taxes to be paid in silver. 
  The new global circulation of goods was facilitated by chartered European monopoly companies and the global flow of silver, especially from Spanish colonies in the Americas, which was used to purchase Asian goods for the Atlantic markets and satisfy Chinese demand for silver. Regional markets continued to flourish in Afro-Eurasia by using established commercial practices and new transoceanic and regional shipping services developed by European merchants.

• Early Modern period 

• Became popular when global exploration and colonization were rising 

• During the 17th and 18th centuries

Mainly in Italy but quickly spread to France and England by the 17th century

• Allowed people to invest in companies and have a share. 

• Business owned by its investors, created to finance expensive endeavors 

• Developed capitalism

• Helped finance large explorations

A joint stock company is under the economy theme because it increased the overall finances

• Developed and led to Capitalism 

• Enhanced trade (causing it to flourish)

• Caused economic growth  

Mercantilist policies and practices were used by European rulers to expand and control their economies and claim overseas territories. 

Joint-stock companies, influenced by these mercantilist principles, were used by rulers and merchants to finance exploration and were used by rulers to compete against one another in global trade.

The new global circulation of goods was facilitated by chartered European monopoly companies and the global flow of silver, especially from Spanish colonies in the Americas, which was used to purchase Asian goods for the Atlantic markets and satisfy Chinese demand for silver. Regional markets continued to flourish in Afro-Eurasia by using established commercial practices and new transoceanic and regional shipping services developed by European merchants

Similar to the Silver Economy because silver was often traded between the companies. Silver provided an abundance of money at the time and helped further the ideals of capitalism.

• Spanish America

• 1405-1750

• All of these different cultures blending and there were different communities. 

• Spanish wanted to keep everyone in check and put themselves in a position of power.

• Spanish America

• Present-day Mexico

•  ranking of the mixtures of certain races made by the Spanish to keep people in line and keep power. 

• Spanish America had peninsulares, criolles, castas      (mestizos, mullatoes, zambos, indigenous africans).

• Political/social

Political because it was a way for Spain to keep power over people

Social because it was a social ranking and is related to societal norms (based on race)

•  caused change in racial diversity in Spanish America

• Also caused revolts in the future because people wanted it to change to be more fair and wanted equality

• The more time went on, the more mixtures were created, making it difficult for the Casta system to continue

The Atlantic trading system involved the movement of labor—including enslaved persons and the mixing of African, American, and European cultures and peoples, with all parties contributing to this cultural synthesis.

Imperial conquests and widening global economic opportunities contributed to the formation of new political and economic elites, including in China with the transition to the Qing Dynasty and in the Americas with the rise of the Casta system.

• Russia because of the Tsars, Boyars, merchants, peasants/serfs.

• Spanish America had peninsulares, criolles, castas

• 1450-1750 (Early Modern Era)

• 1591

• Morocco needed money after defeating the Portuguese in a costly war

• moroccans allied with the English to defeat the Spanish using Songhai Gold

• European maritime empires have lessened the importance of this route

• 150 years after Ibn Battuta

• 200 years after Mansa Musa

• Morocco (northeast Africa)

• Songhai (West Africa, south of Sahara) previously Mali

• Spanish and Portuguese empires to the north

• Ottoman empire to the ease

• Saadian dynasty rules Morocco at the time

• they needed money and the Songhai had plenty of it

• Sent 4,000 troops across Sahara

• Morocco used Arc Bus (gun) & English cannons

• gunpowder v. Songhai

• Battle of Tondibi

• Songhai had 40,000 soldiers but lost to gunpowder

• Economic

• competition over trade routes (Saharan Trade Route)

• control gold

Economic disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states.

State expansion and centralization led to resistance from rival states.

State expansion and centralization led to resistance from an array of social, political, and economic groups internally on a local level.

• similar to the Ottoman/Safavid rivalry

• similar to other fights over control over trade routes

• 1490s - 1550 - after the  explorers came to America

• First experimented with it on islands off the coast of north africa

In the Americas on plantations and mines

Spanish economic system kind of like feudalism with ecomenderos paying their taxes to the crown, known as the royal fifth which was 20% tax in order to keep their land and natives. Used to keep the peace but in reality was only a slave and slave owner relationship.

Economic system is a good theme for the encomienda system. It was labor by the Native Americans to the Spanish conquistadors as they mined for gold, silver, and producing crops

• Forced Labor forced on Indeigenous workers and spanish colonists 

• High demand for making money at the time 

• European solution to to the problem of importing slaves 

Explain the continuities and changes in economic systems and labor systems from 1450 to 1750.
Newly developed colonial economies in the Americas largely depended on agriculture, utilized existing labor systems, including the Incan mit’a, and introduced new labor systems including chattel slavery, indentured servitude, and encomienda and hacienda systems.

The Encomienda system is similar to feudalism because they both were systems built off of kings assigning portions of their land to nobles who governed over the serfs and protected the land

16th century-19th century

The silver was mined in America but a majority of the silver was traded to Europe, while a third of it went to China

• Was a way the Europeans could enter the Indian Ocean trade.

  • So they could trade with china for good.

• Economy and government 

• Focused on currency, and the way governments use it.

• As more silver entered the Ming government changed its policy and required taxes to be paid in silver. 

  
  The new global circulation of goods was facilitated by chartered European monopoly companies and the global flow of silver, especially from Spanish colonies in the Americas, which was used to purchase Asian goods for the Atlantic markets and satisfy Chinese demand for silver. Regional markets continued to flourish in Afro-Eurasia by using established commercial practices and new transoceanic and regional shipping services developed by European merchants.

• The 16th and 17th century

• Many Europeans were spreading Christianity in the New World and Asia

• Growing European Maritime empires

• increased interaction globally

• coincided with the Protestant Reformation which also questioned the Catholic Church

• Advances of science in Europe. 

• also spread in China as missionaries spread their knowledge while trying to convert buddhists to Catholism

• Many scientists began to use experimentation and mathematical calculations to confirm or refute hypotheses. 

• The scientific approach also spread to other fields of inquiry. New theories were created, and new ways people saw the world. 

•  New theories thereated relgion, using more deductive reasiong

Innovations and Technology- many new inventions and theories were introduced ; Helicentric System, Galileo’s inventions, and deductive and inductive reasoning Innovation: As the scientists were confirming and refuting hypotheses, many new innovations were made such as telopscope, new thermometer, these innovations led to further understanding of what we now consider the scientific revolution

In some cases, the increase and intensification of interactions between newly connected hemispheres expanded the reach and furthered development of existing religions, and contributed to religious conflicts and the development of syncretic belief systems and practices.

knowledge, scientific learning, and technology from the Classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds spread, facilitating European technological development and innovation

• This relates to Jesuits in China because they used their knowledge and involvement in science\Scientific revolution to distract from their conversion efforts. This is important because it was how Christianity was spread into Asia and China despite the powerful preexisting Dynastys. 

• It could be similar to what happened under the Abassid caliphate and the House of Wisdom