The Cold War (overall summary)

A collection of ideas of economic or political theory and policy (plan of action)

opposition/unfriendliness

Belarus, Russia and Ukraine (communists)

1939

an agreement stating Germany and Russia can’t attack each other

Communists

• one political party

• economy (business’s managed by the state/government)

• information was controlled by the state/press

• equality

• people chose the political party in power

• people free to start their own business’s

• people could express their own ideas (weren’t controlled by the government, power comes from the people)

1924

to keep the peace

fear of the communists

Assassinated by the Russians (he was russian)

The attack of Germany on the USSR brought communists and capitalists together, due to a common enemy

• Germany invaded the soviet union

• breaking the Nazi-Soviet Pact

• leading to an alliance between the USA and the USSR

• direction of the war changed due to the allied forces of Britain, the USSR and the USA

A type of German government

• Red army (communists) had Berlin surrounded

• Nazi’s fled the capital due to fear of the Reds

• Hitler committed suicide and the Third Reich fell

• made by Churchill and Stalin in 1944

• stated that a division would be made to the Eastern European countries formerly occupied by the Nazis

• Reinforced international peace and security

• came about in 1945 after WWII

1. Tehran- First time the big three met and discussed about the division of Europe

2. Yalta- issues were discussed and agreements were made Germany weren’t yet defeated (February 1945)

3. Potsdam- second conference between the allied leaders (July 1945)

• Winston Churchill (england)

• Franklin D Roosevelt (america)

• Joseph Stalin (russia)

areas under indirect control of larger countries

an area separating conflicting countries

• wanted to look after British interests whilst limiting the Soviet expansion

• close relationship with the USA and got on well with Stalin

• wanted Germany rebuilt as an independent, democratic country (power to the people)

• wanted to help the global economy as well as its safety (formation of the United Nations)

• wanted to rebuild Europe built on capitalist principles

• got on well with Stalin and Churchill

• agreed with the United Nations to from a collective security to avoid another war

• would help the global economy

• idea from Churchill and Roosevelt

• was in the strongest position

• good relationship with other leaders

• main aim was to insure that the Soviet Union didn’t lose their industry, agriculture, towns or their people again due to another war

• wanted Germany to remain weak and the Germans to pay for the rebuilding of the USSR (however didn’t want another problem like the Treaty of Versailles caused/another dictator controlling country by fear

• Stalin’s troops occupied most of eastern Europe

• people were fleeing countries due to the fear of communists

• Set up communist government in Poland (Britain and USA protested)

• Roosevelt was replaced by Harry Truman

• anti communist and was suspicious of Stalin

• Both Truman and Attlee wanted countries to be independent

• wiling to use force to achieve America’s aims (held the first atomic bomb)

• led by Clement Attlee

• concerned about the Soviets expansion wanted to keep peace

• focused on improving peoples lives in post-war Britain

• Britain had a damaged economy so disagreements would be risky

• development of the nuclear bomb in 1939 due to the fear of Nazi Germany (carried out in the Mexico desert)

• two bomb were ready to be used after a month (‘Fat Man’ and Little Boy’

• Truman made the decision to use the bomb against Japan

• story of the bomb shows the mistrust that developed between the countries

• Truman told Stalin it worked, Stalin already knew about the bomb even before Truman did

• the first Uranium bomb was dropped on Japanese city called Hiroshima

• killed 70,000 people instantly and days and weeks later thousands more died due to 3rd degree burns and radiation poisoning

• still Japan didn’t surrender

• Second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki

• over 40,000 people were killed

• Japan surrendered and WWII ended (10th August 1945)

• clear that the USA wanted to dominate the post-war period

• felt threatened by the west

• wanted to consolidate (strengthen) his hold on Eastern Europe

• free elections were ignored (rigged)

• worked hard to ensure that communists rose to positions of power/authority within governments

• arrest and execution of opponents

official offices

• written on the 22nd Feb 1946 by George Kennan

• wrote a detailed lengthy report (8000) words to the government in Washington (fears of the soviet expansion)

• Said how Stalin saw the USA as their enemy

Poland

• exiled non-communist leaders

• won the 1947 election

Romania

• communist was elected prime minister in 1945

• abolished the monarchy in 1947

Bulgaria

• Executed non-communists (bad) however less resistance

• won elections

Yugoslavia

• Marshal Tito held resistance against the Nazi’s

• however Tito was determined to apply communism in HIS own way leading to him being expelled from the coniform in 1948

Czechoslovakia

• Gottwald controlled propaganda (radio) and became Prime Minister

• banned other parties

Hungary

• Communist leader Rakosi had complete control over Hungary

• Catholic church was imprisoned

• communists became largest single party

East Germany

• Allies had given the USSR control of this sector of Germany

• Until the creation of German Democratic Republic in 1949

Churchill described the border between Soviet-controlled countries and the West as an Iron Curtain

• Personalities

• Actions of the USA (the atomic bombs)

• Actions of the USSR (Soviet expansion)

• Misunderstandings

The speech of promises made by Joseph Stalin talking about the containment of communism

12 March 1947

The action taken place following the Truman doctrine

• the creation of a market for American goods to help the US economy

• Aid the economic recovery of Europe

• Making communism less attractive

Promoted unity in Europe, halting the spread of communism

$17 billion

Jan Masaryk

Part of man empire due to the giving out of money

Countries that are officially independent but in reality are controlled by other country

• The communist information bureau

• 1947

International organisation, represented communist parties refusal of the Marshall plan

• The council for mutual economic assistance

• 1949

It was the action towards the Marshall plan

It’s minimised American influence over Eastern Europe

• Increased tension due to it being direct competition between them

• mistrust due to Yugoslavia accepting Marshall aid

• its geographical location = USA and USSR keen for Central European military bases

• Wanted power (capital of Germany)

Berlin was divided into 4 zones with new currency (separate currency planned for the East)

Countries have war with each other but not in their own countries

• america and france joined zones and created a new currency = stalin had no control

• stalin blocked all supply lines going to and from berlin and western zones

• planes bought: materials, food, clothing from berlin to western zones landed every 45 seconds

• showed suspicions, showed that they were obstructing each other but weren’t willing to go to war

trizonia

1. Franklin Roosevelt

2. harry Truman

3. Eisenhower

4. John F Kennedy (JFK)

1. Lenin

2. stalin

3. joseph Khrushchev

4. brezhnev