AP Psychology Final Exam Review

The scientific study of the mind and behavior

Used INTROSPECTION (act of looking inward to examine mental experience) to determine the underlying STRUCTURES of the mind

need to analyze the PURPOSE of behavior

unconcious, childhood

learned, reinforced

free will, choice, ideal, actualization

Perceptions, thoughts

Genes

Brain, NTs

Society

systematically considers biological, psychological, and social factors and their complex interactions in understanding health, illness, and health care delivery

First female president of the APA

Natural selection & evolution

Reformed mental institutions in U.S.

1st president of APA1st journal

Father of American Psychology - functionalist

Father of Modern Psychology - structuralist

1st female with a PhD in psychology

Prescribe medications and diagnose -M.D.

Adv. researcher controls variables to establish cause and effect

Disadv. difficult to generalize

manipulated by the researcher

Received the treatment (part of the IV)

placebo, baseline (part of the IV)

Where neither the participant or the experimenter are aware of which condition people are assigned to (drug studies)

Only participant blind - used if experimenter can’t be blind (gender, age, etc)

measured variable (Is DEPENDENT on the independent variable)

clear, precise, typically quantifiable definition of your variables - allows replication

error/flaw in study

Assigns participants to either control or experimental group at random - minimize bias, increase chance of equal representation

method for choosing participants - minimizes bias

accurate results

Same results every time

Adv. real world validity (observe people in their own setting)

Disadv. No cause and effect

Adv. identify relationship between two variables

Disadv. No cause and effect

variables increase & decrease together

as one variable goes up the other decreases

diff. variable is responsible for relationship (breast implants & suicide)

belief of correlation that doesn’t exist (old man predicts rain from arthritis)

Adv. Studies ONE person (usually) in great detail - lots of info

Disadv. No cause and effect

Average (use in normal distribution)

Middle # (use in skewed distribution)

occurs most often

establishes significance (meaningfulness)

Results not due to chance - likely a specific cause

names kept secret

(APA ethical guideline)

must agree to be part of study

(APA ethical guideline)

must be told the true purpose of the study (done for deception)

Deception must be warranted

(APA ethical guideline)

mental/physical

(APA ethical guideline)

Basic cell of NS

Receive incoming signal

Cell body (includes nucleus)

AP travels down this

speeds up signal down axon, protects axon

release NTs - send signal onto next neuron

sacs inside terminal contain NTs

gap between neurons

movement of sodium and potassium ions across a membrane sends an electrical charge down the axon

stimulus must trigger the AP past its threshold, but does not increase the intensity of the response (flush the toilet)

neuron must rest and reset before it can send another AP

receive signals

Accept signals

send signals

signal Exits

cell in spinal cord responsible for reflex loop

Brain and spinal cord

Rest of the NS

Voluntary movement

Involuntary (heart, lungs, etc)

Arouses the body for fight/flight (generally activates - sympathetic to you getting eaten by a tiger helps you run away)

established homeostasis after a sympathetic response (generally inhibits)

body relaxation and digestion