BIO 111 Exam 1 Practice

Science is an intensely social activity, both collaboration (cooperation) and competition characterize scientific culture

1.) All organisms are made up of Cells

4.) All organisms acquire and use Energy

The form of chemical energy that is required for reactions to take place inside of the cell.

The understanding of cells

a rigorously tested and supported explanation (pattern + process)

all organisms are made of cells (pattern) and all cells come from preexisting cells (process)

- The cell theory (Bio. 111) - The theory of evolution by natural selection (Bio.112 and Bio. 211)- The chromosome theory of inheritance (Bio. 111)

DNA, chromosomes and genes

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Domains: Archaea and Bacteria

• single-celled

• “before kernel”

• not membrane-bound

• ten times smaller than eukaryotes

• DNA is not enclosed in the nucleus; in the region called the nucleoid

Domain: Eukarya

• single-celled or multicellular

• “true-kernel”

• membrane-bound nucleus and organelles

• provides more S.A. to move quickly in a large volume

• complicated exoskeleton

Domain

• Move,

• Metabolize (acquire and use energy),

• Respond to the environment,

• Reproduce, and

• Descend from pre-existing cells, and over time these lineages of cells evolve

what chromosomes are made of (genetic information)

made by ribosomes that are either free in the cytoplasm or attached

provide energy, carbon, identity/ recognition

make up the plasma membrane and other structures

nucleus

The central region in a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is located. It is not enclosed by a membrane and is responsible for controlling the cell's activities.

living together with another organism

A type of symbiotic relationship where both species benefit from each other's presence.

A selectively permeable barrier that surrounds the cell, controlling the movement of substances in and out.

It can replicate independently from the chromosomal DNA and can transfer genetic material between different bacteria. Plasmids often carry genes that provide advantages to the bacteria, such as antibiotic resistance.

A gel-like substance found inside cells. It holds organelles in place and facilitates cell processes.

Structure outside the cell membrane that provides support and protection to plant cells.

A cellular structure responsible for protein synthesis. It translates genetic information from DNA into proteins.

• Nucleic Acids

• Proteins

• Carbohydrates

• Lipids

• The central part of a cell that contains genetic material

• makes up the rRNA for transport and use in the cytoplasm

• double membrane (nuclear envelope)

• semi-permeable

• loosely packed chromosomes

• coiled

• only 1

• Inside the nucleus with DNA that carries genetic information

• made of chromatin

• Shape changes as the cell divides

DNA structure where the double helix is twisted upon itself, forming a tightly coiled shape. (90% of the time)

DNA structure where it is in a linear form. (10% of the time)

The complex of DNA and proteins found in the nucleus of a cell, which condenses to form chromosomes during cell division.

• Made of rRNA and proteins

• 1 large and 1 small sub-unit. (come together to make proteins)

• synthesize proteins in two different locations

  • free (cytoplasm)

  • attached ([ER] ore the nuclear envelope)

• ER - rough and smooth

• Golgi apparatus

• Lysosomes (animals only)

• Continuous or connected by vesicles

• Ribosomes bound to it

• proteins from ribosomes finish folding here

Inside space within the cells organelles

• No attached ribosomes

• Synthesizes lipids

• Testes and ovaries need lots of this for hormone production

• shipping and receiving center

• made of sacs called cisternae

• Functions:

  • the receiving cis side gets vesicles from the ER, forming new cisternae

  • modifies and manufactures

  • the shipping trans side sorts and packages materials with molecular barcodes

Membrane sacs found in the ER and Golgi apparatus. They play a crucial role in the processing, modification, and transport of proteins and lipids within the cell.

• (animals only)

• interior is acidic for digestion

• (plants and fungi only)

• storage of water and ions

• huge, in a fixed place in the cell

• can sometimes digest

Organelles in which oxidation reactions occur sequestering H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide)

• energy powerhouse of the cell

• can make their own proteins because of the DNA and ribosomes it contains

• in all eukaryotic cells (fungi, plants, animals, and protists)

• double membrane system

• produces ATP and oxygen through cellular respiration

• (plants only)

• convert sunlight energy into chemical bond energy in the form of carbohydrates

• can make their own protein b/c DNA and ribosomes it contains

• multiple membranes

Network of protein filaments that give shape, support, and movement to cells. Made up of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.

(smallest)

• responsible for cytokinesis and cell crawling

Maintain cell shape and also anchor the nucleus

(largest)

• move chromosomes by building and falling apart at the other end (railroad)

Electrons pass through the sample, creating a detailed 2D image

Electrons bounce off the sample, creating a 3D sample

to combine or cause to combine to form a polymer.

• actions or α and β coming together to form filaments.

break (a polymer) down into monomers or other smaller units.

• actions or α and β coming breaking apart

(only in animal cells)

• organize the microtubules

transport membrane vesicles and organelles through the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.

• ADP releases

• ATP enters

• ADP - Pi (hydrolyze)

• (repeats)

help to arrange the microtubules that move chromosomes during cell division to ensure each daughter cell receives the appropriate number of chromosomes.

Massive amounts of energy are released when one bond is broken in the phosphate group and one inorganic phosphate is released. This results in ADP

Adenosine Diphosphate

A type of protein is a part of facilitated diffusion, where lots of water molecules pass through the cell membrane so osmosis can occur faster.

A symbiotic relationship where one organism lives inside the other

Gains energy/ ATP for survival

Photosynthesis provides sugar, making it advantageous to absorb to engulf to have a food source for the cell.

partial charge due to unequal sharing of electrons

no charge, electrons shared equally

full charge due to the actual GAIN or LOSS of electrons

Acts as a barrier to the passage of molecules and ions into and out of the cell.

• Size and charge can affect the diffusion rate across the membrane

• contains proteins

helps the cell resist compression

• a part of the extracellular matrix

helps the cell resist tension

• a part of the extracellular matrix

The ECM provides structural and biochemical support to cells.

provides strength and also regulates cell adhesion, supports chemotaxis and migration, and directs tissue development.

• a part of the extracellular matrix

the movement of a substance traveling down its concentration gradient

• high to low concentration

• passive transport

molecules going through a protein channel b/c they can’t pass through the semi-permeable membrane if they are charged ions or polar molecules.

Water molecules travel from an area of high concentration to a lower concentration.

• movement from low solute concentration to high solute concentration

• high water ψ potential → Low water ψ

high solute concentration

low solute concentraion

equal solute concentration

measurement of potential energy in water

• solute and pressure potential

• formula - water ψ = pressure ψ + solute ψ

Stable equilibrium maintained by all living systems

Force molecules to move against their concentration gradient by using ATP/ energy.

To pump sodium out of the cell and potassium onto the cell

• 3 sodium out

• 2 potassium in

The electric potential energy that results from separating opposite charges across the membrane when those charges aren not stimulating the cell.

allow cells to control the direction ions move across membranes

• Tight Junctions

• Desmosomes

• Gap Junctions

Plasmodesmata

• connect + direct communication

• smooth ER of two cells connect through cell wall

forms an adhesion complex between two neighboring cells, serving as a tight seal between the cells

mediate cell-cell contact and strong adhesion

• Requires

  • membrane proteins

  • anchoring proteins

  • intermediate filaments

Allows for direct connection and communication, creating open channels between cells.

• ex.)heart cells

• Hydrogen - H

• Oxygen - 02

• Carbon - C

• Nitrogen - N2

Mass number (picture)

Atomic number (picture)

# of protons + neutrons

# of protons

electrons in the outermost shell of an atom

a chemical bond that occurs when atoms share electrons to form electron pairs

atoms share electrons equally

atoms don’t share electrons equally

• one atom has more pull, or attraction

how likely an atom is to attract electrons when forming a chemical bond

FON

made from atoms or ions with a charge

• electrons are gained or lost

An attraction between two atoms already in chemical bonds. One of the atoms is hydrogen, and the other atom can be any electronegative atom.