Studied by 9 peopleGeometric Isomers
isomers in which the order of atom bonding is the same but the arrangement of atoms in space is different (trans and cis)
Structural Isomers/positional isomers
differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms
optical isomers (enantiomers)
molecules that are mirror images of each other
Carbon bonded to 4 different atoms/groups
Why enantiomers occur
Hydrophilic
Polar molecules are...
Hydrophobic
Nonpolar molecules are...
Hydroxyl
OH functional group
Carbonyl
C=O functional group
Carboxyl
COOH Functional Group
Amino
NH2 Functional group
Phosphate
PO4 Functional Group
Methyl
CH3 Functional group
sulfihydryl
SH Functional group
Monomers
building blocks of polymers
Dimer
monomer+monomer
Polymer
large compound formed from combinations of many monomers
Dehydration synthesis
A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.
Hydrolysis
Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water
Hydrolysis reaction
How to break down a polymer
Monosaccharides
Single sugar molecules
Disaccharide
A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.
Polysaccharides
Carbohydrates that are made up of 3 or more monosaccharides
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
3 monosaccharides
C6H12O6
chemical formula for glucose, fructose, and galactose
Aldehyde
An organic molecule with a carbonyl group located at the end of the carbon skeleton.
Aldose
a monosaccharide that contains an aldehyde group
Ketone group
A chemical group consisting of carbonyl (must be in middle of chain) (called a ketose)
structural isomers
Glucose, galactose, and fructose are...
1:2:1
ratio of C:H:O
Maltose
glucose + glucose
Sucrose
glucose + fructose
Lactose
glucose + galactose
Starch
A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose. (in leaves, stem, roots)
Glycogen
storage form of glucose in animals (in muscles and liver)
Chitin
Polysaccharide found in arthropod exoskeletons and fungal cell walls.
Cellulose
Carbohydrate component of plant cell walls.
peptidoglycan
A carbohydrate compound that makes the cell walls of bacteria.
lipids, protein, carbohydrates, nucleic acids
macromolecules
storage molecules or structural compounds
Polysaccharides may function as
hydrophilic
all carbohydrates are hydro....
Oxygen
What makes a molecule hydrophilic
Lipids
macromolecule that contains carbon and hydrogen, but very little oxygen(are usually hydrophobic)
long term energy storage
lipids are used for
Fats and Oils(triglycerides), phospholipids, steroids, and waxes
the 4 types of lipids
Monomers
Lipids are not built from
Dehydration reaction
a fatty acid can link to glycerol by
1 glycerol linked to 3 fatty acids
a fat contains...
a double bond
unsaturated fats have...
kinks/bends in structure
double bonds in fatty acids lead to
Fatty acid
long chain hydrocarbon
Solid at room temp, mostly seen in animals
Saturated fats are...
Corn oil, peanut oil, olive oil
Unsaturated fats
Hydrogenated
___ means that hydrogen has been added to unsaturated fats.
trans
Hydrogenation creates __ fats
Structurally similar to fats, major component of all cells
Phospholipids are...
Two fatty acids attached to glycerol, phosphate
phospholipids contain...
hydrophilic
phosphate in phospholipids are hydro...
saturated
cold adapted organisms have more ___ fat
steroids
lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings
cholesterol
starting material for making steroids and a common component in animal cell membranes
sex hormones
a type of steroid
anabolic steroids
synthetic variants of the male hormone testosterone; causes buildup of muscle
Atherosclerosis
condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries
wax
A type of structural lipid that forms a waterproof coat and keeps insects or fruits from drying out
Note
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