ap psych unit 8 vocab

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.

a basic bodily requirement.

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases.

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues.

the point at which your “weight thermostat” may be set.

the body’s resting rate of energy output.

defined as a body mass index (BMI) measurement of 30 or higher. (Overweight individuals have a BMI of 25 or higher.)

having no sexual attraction to others.

the most important male sex hormone. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs during the fetal period and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

sex hormones, such as estradiol, that contribute to female sex characteristics and are secreted in greater amounts by females than by males.

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson— excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

in human sexuality, a resting period that occurs after orgasm, during which a person cannot achieve another orgasm

the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group.

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups.

excessive self-love and self-absorption.

a desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard.

in psychology, passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals.

a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience.

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus: stimulus → arousal → emotion.

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion.

the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal.

a machine used in attempts to detect lies that measures several of the physiological responses (such as perspiration, heart rate, and breathing changes) accompanying emotion.

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness.

the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others’ thoughts, feelings, and actions.

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases— alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend).

a subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine.

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health.

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries.

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people.

in psychology, the idea that “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.

sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; also helps alleviate depression and anxiety.

a reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner.

people’s tendency to be helpful when in a good mood.

the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people’s quality of life

our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience.

the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself.