Midterm Terms (ch1-8)

The group within the hominid family that includes humans and their close extinct relatives

Period before 9000 BCE during which humans used tools of stone, bone, and wood and obtained food by gathering and hunting

A style of life in which people gain food by gathering plant products, trapping or catching small animals and birds, and hunting larger prey

Period beginning in 9000 BCE during which humans obtained for by raising crops and animals and continued to use tools primarily of stone, bone, and wood

Group of Homo erects with brains as large as those of modern humans that lived in Europe and Western Asia between 200,000 and 30,000 years ago

The practice of marrying within a certain ethnic or social group

Die-off of large animals in many parts of the world around 45,000-10,000 BCE caused by climate change most likely human hunting

Differentation of tasks by gender, age, training, status, or other social distinction

idea that people, animals, plants, natural occurrences and other parts of the physical world have spirits

Spiritually, adept, men and women who communicated with the unseen world

Dramatic transformation in human history, resulting from the change from foraging to raising crops and animals

Plants and animals modified by selective breeding to serve human needs domesticated. Animals will behave in a specific ways and breed in captivity

Crop raising done with hand tools and human power

An economic system based on herding flocks of goats, sheep, cattle, or other animals

Divisions between rich and poor, elites in common people that have been a Central feature of human society, since the Neolithic era

Social systems, in which men have more power and access to resources and women, and some men are dominant over other men

The worship of many gods and goddesses

Sumarian form of writing the term describes the wedge shaped marks by a stylus

An oral or written narration of the achievements, and sometimes the failures of heroes embodies peoples ideas about themselves

A proclamation issued by Babylonian king Hammurabi, to establish laws regulating many aspects of life

The title given to the king of Egypt in the new kingdom for a word that meant “great house”

A large family of languages that includes English, most of the languages of modern Europe, ancient Greek, Latin, Persian, Hindi, Bengali, and Sanskirt

A period of crisis, destruction, and famine in the eastern Mediterranean about 1200 BCE that may have been caused by climate change

Beginning about 1100 BCE, when iron became the most important material for weapons and tools in some parts of the world

People of the prosperous city-state in what is now Lebanon who traded and founded colonies throughout the Mediterranean and spread the phenotypic alphabet

All powerful god of the Hebrew people in the basis for the enduring religion traditions of Judaism

Religious based on the teachings of Zoroaster that emphasize the individuals responsibility to choose between good and evil

First Indian civilization, also known as the Indus valley civilization

The dominant people in North Indian after the decline of the Indus valley civilization they spoke an early form of Sanskirt

The earliest collection of Indian hymns ritual texts in philosophical treatises. It is the central source of information on early Aryans.

Priest of the Aryans, they supported the growth of royal powers in the return for royal confirmation of their own religious rights, power, and status

The Indian system of dividing society into hereditary groups, whose members interactive primarily within the group and especially married within the group

The transmigration of souls by a continual process of rebirth

The tally of good and bad deeds that determines the status of an individuals next life

The unchanging ultimate reality according to the Upanishads

Indian religion, whose followers consider all life sacrificed and avoid destroying other life

The Buddha’s message, that pain and suffering is in skippable parts of life suffering and anxiety are caused by human desire and attachments. People can understand and try them over weakness in this try, and is made possible by following a simple code of conduct.

The eighth of code of conduct set forth by the Buddha in his first sermon

The “great vehicle”, a tradition of Buddhism, that aspires to be more inclusive

Buddhas-to-be who stayed in the world after enlightenment to help others on the path to salvation

The Sanskrit word for moral law central to both Buddhist and Hindu teachings.

The first Indian empire, founded by Chandragupta

Soil deposited by wind, it is fertile and easy to work

One of the Shang dynasty’s capital is from which the shaman king ruled for more than two centuries

A stylized animal face commonly seen in Chinese bronzes

A system of writing in which each word is represented by a single symbol, such as the Chinese script

One of the earliest Chinese books containing document speeches, and historical accounts about early Zhou rule

The theory that heaven gives the king a mandate to rule, only as long as he rules in the interest of the people

The lower ranks of Chinese or aristocracy these men could serve in the military or civil capacity

The earliest collection of Chinese poetry, it provides a glimpse of what life was like in early Zhou dynasty

The period of Chinese history between 403 BCE and 221 BCE when states fought each other and one state after another was destroyed

A power mechanical bow develop during the warring states period

Humanity, the ultimate Confucians virtue

Reverent attitude of children to their parents, extolled by Confucians

The way, a term is used by Daiosts to refer to the natural order

Political theorist, who emphasize the need for rigorous laws and laid the basis for China’s later, bureaucratic government

A concept of complementary polls, one of which represents feminine dark and representative in the other masculine, bright and assertive

Generally translated as city state, it was the basic political and institutional unit of ancient Greece

Heavily armed citizens, who served as infantryman and fought to defend the polis

A type of Greek government, in which all citizens administer their workings of the government

A type of Greek government in which citizens who owns a certain amount of property ruled

Belief system that were characterized by secret doctrines, rituals of initiation, and sometimes the promise of rebirth or after life

In Plato’s thought the eternal, unchanging, ideal forms that are the essence of true reality

Literally means “like the Greeks” describes the period from the death of Alexander the great in 323 BCE to the Roman conquest of Egypt in 30 BCE when Greek culture spread

The spread of Greek ideas, cultures and traditions to Non-Greek groups across a wide area

System of philosophy, based on the teachings of Epicurus, who viewed life as a contentment, free from fear and suffering as the greatest good

Philosophy based on the idea of Zeno that held that people could only be happy when living in accordance with nature, and excepting whatever happened

The assembly that was the main institution of power in the Roman republic, originally composed only of aristocrats

The Roman hereditary aristocracy, who had most of the political power in the republic

The common people of Rome who were free, but had few of the Patricians advantage

Primary executives in the Roman republic, elected for one year terms who commanded the army in battles, administered states business and supervise financial affairs

A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage, in which Rome emerged of the victor

The oldest dominant male of the family who held great power over the lives family members

The Roman peace a term invented by historian Edward Gibbon in the 18th century, to describe the first and second centuries C.E, which he saw as a time of political stability and relative peace

In Jewish belief, an anointed leader who would bring a period of peace and happiness for Jews

Originally referred to those who lived in the countryside the term came to me those who practice religions other than Judaism or Christianity

A Christian church official with jurisdiction over certain areas and the power to determine the correct interpretation of Christian teachings

A rammed-earth fortification built along the northern border of China during the reign of the first emperor

The ancient text recovered during the Han dynasty, the Confucian scholars treated as sacred Scriptures

A comprehensive history of China, written by Sima Qian

The trade routes across Central Asia linking China to Western Eurasia

A system first established during the Han Dynasty to regulate contacts with foreign power. States and tribes beyond its borders, the invoice bearing gifts and receive gifts and return

Castrated male who played an important role as palace servants

The period after the fall of the Han dynasty when China was politically divided

Canal built during the Sui dynasty that connected the Yellow and Yangzi rivers. It was notable for strengthening, China’s internal cohesions and economic development.

A school of Buddhism that taught that by calling on the Buddha Amitabha, one can achieve rebirth in Amitabha’s Pure land paradise.

A school of Buddhism (known as Japan as Zen) that rejected the authority of the sutras, and claim that superiority of the mind to mind transmission of Buddhist truths

The way of gods, Japan’s native religion

Japan’s capital in first true city it was established in 710, and modeled on the capital Tang capital of Chang’an

Multipart collection of laws and legal commentary issued in the sixth century by the emperor Justinian

Geographic administrative districts of the church, each under the authority of the bishop and centered on a cathedral

A religious practice or believe Judge unacceptable by church officials

Heads of the Roman Catholic Church, who became political as well as religious authorities. The period of a popes term in office is called a pontification.

Another name for the eastern Christian church over which emperors continue to have power

certain rituals of the church believed to act as a conduit of God’s grace such as a baptism

The conflict over the veneration of religious images in the Byzantine Empire

Compensatory payment for death or injury set in many barbarian law codes

Ritual in which Christians asked a priest for forgiveness for sins and the priest set certain actions to atone for their sins

People who were venerated for having lived or died in a way that was spiritually heroic or noteworthy

Dynasty of rulers that decisively unified the franks under the reign of the Clovis, and ruled the Frankish kingdom until the 17th century