Chapter 12: Degenerative Disorders

________ is caused by the loss of dopamine-producing cells of the substantia nigra pars compacta in the midbrain.

Diagnosis of ________ is made by a detailed clinical exam and examining the family history.

________ allow the individual to walk, think, talk, and reason.

________ is usually caused by respiratory failure or pneumonia.

The gene encoding the ________ (APP) is on Chromosome 21.

________ occur in the markers for many neurotransmitters that allow cells to communicate with others.

________ is related to mutations in the genes for presenilin 1 and 2.

The mutation for ________ is an expanded triplet repeat.

A mildly ________ can show amyloid plaques and tau tangles in living people.

________: surgical deactivation or destruction of overactive structures that greatly reduces symptoms.

________ for Early- onset Alzheimers causes the beta- amyloid plaques to accumulate earlier.

________ is converted to a substance in the brain that destroys dopamine- producing neurons.

________ 1 and 2 are proteins involved in the process of generating beta- amyloid from APP.

________ (ApoE): influences ones susceptibility to Alzheimers disease later in life.

________: a drug discovered in the 1960s that is converted to dopamine in the brain.

________ affects neurons that control voluntary muscle movements.

________: a modified, aggregated form of the protein tau in the cell bodies of neurons.

The damage to ________ for attention, memory, learning, and higher cognitive abilities are believed to cause clinical symptoms.

________: a small fibrillar peptide that accumulates in the spaces around synapses in Alzheimers patients.

________ carrying mutant genes develop abnormalities and some of the microscopic changes in tissue structure that occur in humans.

________ is being studied in animal models and tested in clinical trials.

________: break up beta- amyloid peptides and prevent amyloid accumulation.

________ and gamma secretases: enzymes that cut the amyloid peptide and release it from neurons into the space around synapses.

________ helps prevent the breakdown of levodopa in the bloodstream.

________ is only for adults.

The first ________ are seen in the hands and feet or in muscles of speech and swallowing.

________ and neurofibrillary tangles form in brain regions important for memory and intellectual function.

The ________ is usually obtained through an autopsy.

The epsilon 4 ________ is most clearly associated with increased risk for Alzheimers disease.

________ may be caused by the gain of a new and toxic function among these proteins.

________ is also called Lou Gehrigs disease.

________ can occur by pneumonia, heart failure, or other complications.

________ (1- methyl- 4- phenyl- 1, 2, 3, 6 tetrahydropyridine) was accidentally discovered by drug synthesizers in the late 1970s.

________: a rare, dominantly inherited disorder that causes the onset of Alzheimers in an individuals 40s or 50s instead of past 65.

A small fibrillar peptide that accumulates in the spaces around synapses in Alzheimer's patients.

A modified, aggregated form of the protein tau in the cell bodies of neurons.

A rare, dominantly inherited disorder that causes the onset of Alzheimer's in an individual's 40s or 50s instead of past 65.

A protein that influences one's susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease later in life.

Enzymes that cut the amyloid peptide and release it from neurons into the space around synapses.

Enzymes that break up beta-amyloid peptides and prevent amyloid accumulation.

A drug discovered in the 1960s that is converted to dopamine in the brain.

The surgical deactivation or destruction of overactive structures that greatly reduces symptoms of Parkinson's Disease.