Chapter 26: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

a location that is largely separate from another compartment by some form of a physical barrier.

for respiratory diseases that can create acidosis revolves around the conservation of bicarbonate ions.

for metabolic acidosis increases the respiratory rate to drive off CO2 and readjust the bicarbonate to carbonic acid ratio to the 20:1 level.

the major cation of the extracellular fluid.

The body contains a large variety of ions, or electrolytes, which perform a variety of functions.

occurs when the blood is overly alkaline due to a deficiency in carbonic acid and CO2 levels in the blood.

occurs when the blood is overly acidic due to an excess of carbonic acid, resulting from too much CO2 in the blood.

is the opposite of metabolic acidosis.

occurs when the blood is too acidic (pH below 7.35) due to too little bicarbonate, a condition called primary bicarbonate deficiency.

is the major intracellular cation

is an abnormal increase of blood sodium.

or abnormally low blood levels of CO2, occurs with any cause of hyperventilation that drives off the CO2, such as salicylate toxicity, elevated room temperatures, fever, or hysteria.

or abnormally elevated blood levels of CO2, occurs in any situation that impairs respiratory functions, including pneumonia and congestive heart failure.

or abnormally increased levels of phosphates in the blood, occurs if there is decreased renal function or in cases of acute lymphocytic leukemia.

works in a fashion similar to phosphate buffers

is the principal protein inside of red blood cells and accounts for one-third of the mass of the cell.

are extremely efficient, and different systems work at different rates.

causes vasoconstriction and an increase in systemic blood pressure.

or abnormally low phosphate blood levels, occurs with heavy use of antacids, during alcohol withdrawal, and during malnourishment.

or abnormally high calcium blood levels, is seen in primary hyperparathyroidism.

is the predominant extracellular anion.

is the second most abundant anion in the blood.

or abnormally low calcium blood levels, is seen in hypoparathyroidism, which may follow the removal of the thyroid gland, because the four nodules of the parathyroid gland are embedded in it.

or lower-than-normal blood chloride levels, can occur because of defective renal tubular absorption.

an elevated potassium blood level, also can impair the function of skeletal muscles, the nervous system, and the heart.

that surrounds all cells not in the blood

compartment is the system that includes all fluid enclosed in cells by their plasma membranes.

surrounds all cells in the body

the force exerted by a fluid against a wall, causes movement of fluid between compartments.

is thus the ratio of solutes to water in blood plasma

also known as vasopressin, controls the amount of water reabsorbed from the collecting ducts and tubules in the kidney.

is an abnormally low potassium blood level.

is a lower-than-normal concentration of sodium, usually associated with excess water accumulation in the body, which dilutes the sodium.

or abnormally high calcium blood levels, is seen in primary hyperparathyroidism.