APUSH- Period 4

French → Spanish control

-US wants this for border expansion & trade (access to Mississippi River & Port of New Orleans)

-$15m

• deal was too good, congress approves jeff’s purchase

• Size increase

• most european power removed

• jefferson’s vision of an agrarian (agricultural) society improves

• jefferson’s popularity increases

• Merriwether Lewis & William Clark & Sacagewea

  • They gained better understanding of region, improved relationship w/ native americans, created more maps (boosts economy)

• kept judicial area under federalist control

• ALL decisions made are made to increase national government’s control

• judicial review

• extra power for pres. & cong.

• ruler of tripoli asked for more money, jefferson said no and sent US navy

• US won, gaining respect of other nations

• england v france

• both sides kept seizing ships and impressing (taking) US soldiers

• britain is worst offender

• stopped american ships to cross into foreign ports

• hoped Great Britain (GB) would stop attacking US ships

• HURT US ECONOMY MORE!!!!

• repealed

US merchants can trade w/ anyone EXCEPT france and gb

If france & gb considered neutrality, US prohibits trade from their enemy

1. free seas & trade (and impressment)

2. frontier pressure (want to expand) and battle of Tippecanoe

3. War hawks (pressured to defend American honor)

4. Dec. of war (causing surge of patriotism)

STALEMATE!!!!!

• tecumseh and tenkswatawa create a confed. to resist sailors

• william henry harrison w/ indiana militia attack on tippecanoe

• US VICTORY!!!

-US not ready to fight

-MASSIVE failure, but US burnt down Toronto

-British angry from the burning down of Toronto

-attacked and burned Washington D.C.

-laid seige to fort baltimore, causing “star spangled banner”

-Andrew Jackson fights Native Americans (Creek) and British

-Massive Victory!!

British tired of war

-returned all conquered territory

-recognized pre-war boundary

-new england states threaten to secede

-signing of treaty of ghent and jackson’s victory made federalists look dangerous, thus they dissolved

-SETS PRECEDENT OF NULLIFICATION AND SUCESSION

1. Fed. party ends

2. blockade forces US to be self-sufficient

3. US nationalism and desire to expand grows more

-time of nationalism, political unity, & growth of nation

-HOWEVER…south HATES tarrifs, debates over national bank, sectionalism, political unity is an ILLUSION

• promote national unity

• promote america’s power

War of 1812 makes America more self-sufficient

-merchants feared America would depend again on GB after war, so Tarrifs placed

high protective tax

-most americans support this b/c this was a way to promote nationalism

Henry Clay proposes this plan

• High protective tarrifs to protect industry

• Creation of 2nd national bank

• Internal Improvements of roads & canals for efficient trade

• Economic recession or depression

• Caused by 2nd national bank policies

  • those who were buying land in West lost all investments

• ENDS ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS

established fed. govt’s broad control over interstate commerce

priv corp contract cannot be altered by state

• acquisition of native americans

• economic (need for new land!! esp south)

• improved transportation

• more immigrants b/c land cheap

Missouri applies for statehood

• admitting Missouri as slave state upsets the balance

• Tallmadge Amendment

-want to prohibit further enslavement in Missouri and required children to be emancipated at 25 to gradually eliminate slavery

• ENRAGED SOUTHERNERS!!! appeared to be the 1st step to abolish slavery

Henry clay proposes this

1. Missouri admitted as slave state

2. Maine admitted as free state

3. Slavery prohibited over latitude 36 30’

• revealed DEEP sectional tensions between north and south

• limited naval armament of great lakes & was extended to place limits on border forts

• Spain gave US Florida and Oregon territory

• US gives Texas

Prohibited any further colonization in the western hemisphere

• warned european powers NOT to interfere in affairs

• US COUNTS ON BRITAIN TO STAND BEHIND THIS POLICY

• States used toll roads to connect cities to AG areas

• Interstate roads rare due to disputes

• National Road paved all the way from Maryland to Illinois

NY linked western farms to eastern cities

• success led to more canals

IMPACTS

• lower food prices

• MORE WESTERN SETTLEMENT!!

• Stronger economic ties w/ east & west and North and south

• made shipping and traveling less expensive

• led to booms in western cities (Cleveland, Detroit, Chicago)

  • contributed to increasing national economy

• made cotton production more efficient, thus increase in slavery and dependency in the South

• Investors supplied lot of capital & laws made it easier to start a business

Samuel Slater steals British’s production line idea

• rivers were perfect for water-powered factories

• seaports helped export goods

• decline in farming = more labor supply

• difficult to find factory workers, most just wanted land in west

• women & children were hired

• textile mills in Lowell, MA first recruits young single women and houses them

• sustenance (survival) farming → commercial

• WHY?

  • cheap land

  • canals & railroads

• women had two options

  • Domestic Servanthood

  • Teaching

  • Factory jobs NOT COMMON!!!

• Most women left after marriage

real wages improved

-The American Dream starts to pop up

slavery increases due to cotton industry boom (from cotton gin)

Rise of democratic society (shared belief in principle of equality)

• shocks european visitors

• Politics of common man (1820-1840)

• FOCUSES ON COMMON MAN!!!

• states start to adopt policies that let white men vote despite owning property or not

• eligible voting population increases from 350k to 2.4m in 15 years!!

• POLITICAL OFFICES CAN BE GIVEN TO THE COMMON MAN

• previously, state leg & party leaders nominated in secret

• now used nominating conventions w/ voters having a say

• more democratic & popular

universal male suffrage → more voting →political parties have to appeal to a wider demographic

• rise of political attacks, usually accusations of not being a “common man”

• by andrew jackson

• rewarded those who were loyal to him w/ federal jobs

• reinforced the idea that the common man can hold political office/high position

-Jackson won popularity vote but not majority in electoral college

-Jackson believed Clay and Quincy made a pact and called the election of 1824 corrupt

• lot of money on American System (int improvements and manufacturing)

• jackson’s supporters found this unconstitutional

• 1828: Tarrif of Abominations

• Passed extremely high tarrif that hurt Southern farmers and helped the northerners

Born on the frontier, not college educated, amassed lot of wealth, was basically seen as a perfect common man

• appeals to lower social classes by representing the fact that the common man can achieve the highest position

• forced relocation of native americans to the west

• viewed as tyrant by some

• result: trail of tears (1838)

  • US army forces 15000 cherokee from their ancestral homeland

  • 4000 died on the journey

SC declares tariff of abominations too high

John C. Calhoun believes in the theory that all states have the right to decide whether to obey a federal law or declare it null and void

-compromise brokered by henry clay, Congress lowers Tariff

-almost causes a civil war then

• gets rid of national bank (AMERICAN SYSTEM NEEDS NATIONAL BANK)

• withdrew funds and placed them in pet banks in states

• speculation of western land & jackson’s policies lead to inflation

• specie circular:

  • requires land to be made in specie (gold and silver)

  • value of banknotes plummet

• result: panic of 1837

strong fed. government, want american system, clay supporters

focused on interests of common man and limit the power of fed. government

Democrats nominate Martin Van Buren (Jackson’s VP)

• blamed for panic of 1837

Whigs nominate William Henry Harrison in 1840

• Tippecanoe and Tyler Too

• depicted as common man from humble origins

William Henry Harrison dies of Pneumonia 1 month into office

John Tyler comes into office, opposes national bank & favors southern expansion

• focused on preachers talking about common man and includes return to moral behavior

• brings 2nd great awakening to NY

• uses emotionally charged language

• Western NY known as “burned over district” and “fire and brimstone” revivals

Baptists & Methodists are found in south and west

• increase due to traveling preachers like Peter Cartwright

Willaim Miller predicts 2nd coming of Jesus → become seventh day Adventists

-by Joseph Smith
-faced persecution, fled west

-cooperative organization allowed society to flourish, but polygamy was prohibited in US

movement away from enlightenment emphasis on science and logic and more appeal towards emotion, nature, and celebration of heroism

• questioned churches and business class

• believed looking for god in nature & discovery of one’s self (individualism)

• views prized artistic expression over materialism

-Vocal abolitionist

-promoted self-reliance, independent thinking, spiritualism, and creation of distinctly American culture

• wrote Walden, a documentation by him about the transcendentalist lifestyle and the truths

• Wrote “On civil disobedience.”

• Paid no tax for Mexican-American war b/c he considered it unjust

Combined intellectual utopian society, failed due to no funds

• religious commune that forbade marriage, which caused it to not last

like Shakers, but allowed marriage, thus they existed

secular commune, failed

lived, but only due to them making darn good silverware

americans too individualistic and self-reliant for these to survive

Place for artists to paint mostly american values etc

-became nationalistic and american

high alcohol consumption→ more abuse

• results in temperance movement to stop alcohol & religious congregations encouraged abstinence

• mostly pushed by women

• movement fails until 19th century

Dorothea Dix calls for reform for the mentally ill, since they were incarcerated and they lived in poor conditions with criminals

• BAD

• created penitentiaries for solitary confinement for them to reflect on their sins (this failed b/c prisoners went insane)

rigid discipline and provides moral instructions for criminals

Horace Mann

-worries how uneducated citizens can focus on the future of republic

• emphasized compulsory education

• popular in north, not in south

• family sizes decreased

• wealthy women joined reform movements

-did NOT encourage feminism

• stated that women should control household and children, reinforcing stereotypes that women ran the household

NO!

• leading femnists (women AND men!) met in the first women’s rights

• declaration of sentiments

• result: eliza b. stanton & susan b. anthony led campaign for rights

During 2nd Great Awakening, Christians could no longer reconcile morality with the sin of slavery

• idea of transporting slaves to africa

• appealed to moderates who wanted to stop enslavement, BUT still kept racist attitudes about integration into US society

• liberia is established, but it is a small colony

• published the Liberator

  • called for immediate abolition everywhere w/o compensation for slave owners

• founded American Antislavery Society as radical wing of the abolition movement

• speaks about brutality of slavery

  • ran a newspaper The North Star: discusses moral and legal solutions to end slavery

• organized underground railroad

• Nat turner freed enslaved people on farms, killing 55 whites in the process

• result: tighter restrictions (slave codes) on slaves