AP BIO: EXAM REVIEW

Building blocks of polymers

One monomer forms a covalent bond to another monomer and releases a water molecule

Bond between polymers is broken by addition of water molecule

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Simple sugars, 3-7 carbon atoms

Form when two monosaccharides bond via dehydration synthesis

Long chains of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds

Sequence of amino acids

Interaction of peptide backbone (hydrogen bonds)

Side chain interaction

Arrangement of multiple chains together

Carbon chains and an acidic carboxyl group

Saturated by hydrogen (solid @room temp)

Less hydrogens (liquid at room temp)

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sometimes phosphorus

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus

DNA broken into long, linear pieces

Nucleotides

Chain resulting from combination of nucleotides

(Adenine, guanine) 2 rings

(Thymine, uracil, cytosine) single ring

Deoxyribose (2nd carbon has hydrogen)

Ribose (2nd carbon has hydroxyl group)

5’—> 3’

Between protein coding gene and it’s protein product

helps accelerate chemical reactions (helps RNA bind to the right spot)

Brings amino acids to the ribosome

Pure substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reaction

Substance consisting of two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio

90% of living matter

Proton, neutron, electron

2 in the first shell and 8 in the outer shell

Strongest chemical attraction, sharing valence electrons

Formed due to the result of two ions of opposite charge

Atom or molecule with a positive or negative charge due to the amount of electrons

Positive ion

Negative ion

Hydrogen atom has a partial positive charge that allows it to be attracted to a different electronegative atom nearby

Occur only when atoms and molecules are very close together

Making and breaking of bonds

Polar bond, hydrogen bond

Hydrogen bonds hold the substance together. (Hydrogen bonds adhere water to different molecules. High surface tension)

Absorbs and releases heat (high heat capacity)

As a liquid evaporates, the surface that remains behind cools down. (moderates climate and prevents organisms from overheating)

Less dense in its solid state (inversely proportional to temperature and volume). Sustains life underneath frozen bodies of water (ice works as an insulator).

Due to its polarity, water can dissolve ionic and nonionic

Release H+ to the solution when dissolved in water

Release OH- to solution when dissolved in water

Hydrocarbons, isomers

Structural, cis-trans, enantiomers

Vary in length, may be on branch or branch, may have double bonds or rings

Mirror each other

Atoms attached to organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions

Important source of energy for cellular processes

Removes water, forms a new bond between monomers

Add a molecule of water, break down polymers

Main source of energy, fuel molecules, energy storage, structural function

made of amino acids, chemical catalyst, messengers

DNA and RNA, Genes and proteins, nucleotides(sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base)

Hydrophobic, fats

Sugars (monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharide)

Fats, steroids, and phospholipids

Polymer made of amino acids, joined by a peptide bond (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structural)

Pyrimidines, purines

thymine, cytosine, adenine, guanine

Uracil, Guanine, adenine, cytosine

2 different substances sticking to each other

Same substance sticking to another molecule of the same substance

Water has no force from above so they become more tightly packed =surface tension

Being dissolved

Pure substances

Smallest form of an element

Defines an element

Bond between ions (a negative and positive atom hanging out together) (stealing electrons)

2 atoms sharing electrons to add up to 8

Have an acidic pH in order to dispose of cellular waste

Carry out oxidation reactions and produce hydrogen peroxide

Maintain different environments inside a single cell allows eukaryotic cells to carry out complex metabolic reactions

Membrane-bound nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, linear chromosomes

Group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins

Mitochondria, chloroplasts, peroxisomes

Plays an important role in the modification of proteins and the synthesis of lipids

Has ribosomes that make proteins and feed the newly forming protein chains into the cumen

Synthesize carbs, lipids, and steroid horomones

Storing, tagging, packaging, and distribution of lipids and proteins

Organelle that contains digestive enzymes and acts as an organelle recycling facility

Stores water and waste, isolates hazardous material, and has enzymes to break down macromolecules and cellular components

Break down fuel molecules and capture energy in cellular respiration

Grana

Space between membranes

Compartment enclosed by the inner membrane

Symbiosis where one organism lives inside the other

Components that move freely and fluidly in the plane of the membrane

Protein with carbohydrates attached

Lipid with carbs attached

Lipid made with glycerol

2 layers of phospholipids with their tails pointing inwards

Extend all the way across the membrane