Biomoleküle

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57 Terms

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D-(+)-Glucose

Vorkommen: Früchte, Harn, Blut

Bedeutung: am häufigsten vorkommendes Monos.

  • Hexose

  • Aldose

  • OH an C6 keine fixe Position (nicht asymmetrisch)

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α-D-(+)-Glucose

Umlagerungsreaktion: C1 mit C5 über Hydroxidgruppe

  • Doppelbindung O öffnet sich

  • H von OH von C5 verbindet mit O

  • O von C5 mit C1

→ 5 asymmetrische C

→ α und β wenn linke oder rechte Atombindung der Carbonylgruppe öffnet

  • nicht Schiffschenprobe (kein Aldehyd)

  • mit Fehling und Tollens (Überschuss an OH-, Bindung auf und Aldehyd bildet)

  • hydrophil, lipophob (5 OH)

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D-(-)-Fructose

Vorkommen: Kernobst, Beeren, Gemüse

  • Hexose

  • Ketose

  • hydrophil, lipophob

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α-D-Fructofuranose

  • Ketogruppe C2 mit OH C5

  • α/β Öffnung linker/rechter Atombindung Carbonylgruppe

→ nicht mit Schiffschen, mit Fehling(Keto-Enol-Tautomerie)

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α-D-Fructopyranose

  • Ketogruppe mit OH C6

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D-(+)-Mannose

Vorkommen: Früchte, Zellwand

  • Hexose, Aldose

  • Nicht mit Schiffschen, mit Fehling&Tollens (wie Glucose)

  • hydrophil, lipophob

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α-D-(+)-Mannose

  • Umlagerung wie bei Glucose

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D-(+)-Galactose

Vorkommen: Schleimhäute

  • Hexose, Aldose

  • Nicht mit Schiffschen, mit Fehling&Tollens (wie Glucose)

  • hydrophil, lipophob

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α-D-(+)-Galactopyranose

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D-Glucosamin

Vorkommen: Bindegewebe

  • Umformung wie Glucose

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N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamin

Vorkommen: Zellwand Bakterien, Chitin

Entstehung: Kondensation von Glucosamin und Essigsäure

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β-N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamin

  • in Natur meist β

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β-Chitobiose

Ursprung: Abbauprodukt bei Chitin

Bausteine: 2x β-N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamin

Bindung: β-1,4-glykosidisch

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(β)-Saccharose = Haushaltszucker

  • nur eine Form, da keine Halbacetale

Ursprung: Zuckerrohr, Speicherwurzeln Zuckerrübe

Bausteine: 1x α-D-(+)-Glucose und 1x β-D-(-)-Fructose

Bindung: α,β-1,2-glykosidisch (→ mit 2 anomeren C)

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β-Lactose = Milchzucker

Ursprung: Milch

Bausteine: 1x β-D-(+)-Galactose und 1x β-D-(+)-Glucose

Bindung: β-1,4-glykosidisch

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β-Cellobiose

Ursprung: Abbauprodukt der Cellulose

Bausteine: 2x β-D-(+)-Glucose

Bindung: β-1,4-glykosidisch

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α-Maltose

Ursprung: Abbauprodukt Stärke

Bausteine: 2x α-D-(+)-Glucose

Bindung: α-1,4-glykosidisch

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Amylopektin

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Amylose

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Glykogen

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21
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Cellulose

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Chitin

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Phospholipid

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Wachs

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Terpen

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Steroid

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Gesättigte Fettsäure

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Ungesättigte Fettsäure

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Steroid

(Cholesterin)

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Ribose

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Desoxyribose

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Nukleotid

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Nukleosid

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Adenosintriphosphat

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35
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DNA

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RNA

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37
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Neutral reagierende Aminosäure mit unpolarem Rest (Glycin)

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Neutral reagierende Aminosäure mit unpolarem Rest (Alanin)

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Neutral reagierende Aminosäure mit unpolarem Rest (Valin)

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Neutral reagierende Aminosäure mit unpolarem Rest (Leucin)

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Neutral reagierende Aminosäure mit unpolarem Rest (Isoleucin)

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Neutral reagierende Aminosäure mit unpolarem Rest (Prolin)

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Neutral reagierende Aminosäure mit unpolarem Rest (Phenylalanin)

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Neutral reagierende Aminosäure mit polarem Rest (Cystein)

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Neutral reagierende Aminosäure mit polarem Rest (Methionin)

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Neutral reagierende Aminosäure mit polarem Rest (Serin)

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Neutral reagierende Aminosäure mit polarem Rest (Threonin)

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Neutral reagierende Aminosäure mit polarem Rest (Asparagin)

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Neutral reagierende Aminosäure mit polarem Rest (Glutamin)

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Neutral reagierende Aminosäure mit polarem Rest (Tyrosin)

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Neutral reagierende Aminosäure mit polarem Rest (Tryptophan)

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Saure Aminosäure (Asparaginsäure)

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Saure Aminosäure (Glutaminsäure)

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Basische Aminosäuren (Arginin)

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Basische Aminosäure (Lysin)

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Basische Aminosäure (Histidin)

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Tripeptid

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