AP Biology Unit One

(1:2) ratio (Oxygen:Hydrogen)

the bonding between hydrogen and oxygen molecules

oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen; results in the unequal sharing of electrons or polarity (dual property of charges).

oxygen area of a water molecule is negative, and the hydrogen area is positive; weak hydrogen bonds form between the negative and positive regions of a molecule.

e.g. Water can form hydrogen bonds with other water or charged molecules

two of the SAME molecules form hydrogen bonds. 

e.g. The hydrogen bonds between two water molecules.

two DIFFERENT molecules form hydrogen bonds.

e.g. Water droplets stick to a window or dew sticks on a leaf.

water soluble substances

e.g. ionic compounds, polar molecules, and some proteins.

substances that are non-polar and do not dissolve in water.

e.g. oil

occurs when there is increased hydrogen bonding at the surface of water molecules.

e.g. a leaf floating on water

the adhesive and polar properties of water allows water to have high solvency in its liquid state.

cohesive properties of water allows for unique hydrogen bonding when water is in its solid state; ice is less dense than water.

e.g. During winter periods, organisms can still survive below the surface of water, while still maintaining regular thermal energy

cohesive properties of water allow for it to absorb a lot of thermal energy before changing chemical states, resisting sudden changes in temperature.

e.g. Allows water to regulate environmental temperature and increase survivability for organisms.

necessary to build new molecules

cannot be destroyed, only transferred; iving systems need a constant input of energy to grow, reproduce, and maintain organization.

moves from the environment to organisms where it is used to build carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, or nucleic acids.

e.g. can easily form covalent bonds; a stable element.

moves from the environment to organisms where it is used in building nucleic acids, amino acids, and enzymes

plays a crucial role in metabolism, cell division, and DNA replication.

hormonal component in adrenaline + insulin

nitrogen cycle is used to balance nutrients in the ecosystem.

e.g. Plants and microorganisms convert nitrogen into usable forms (nitrogen fixation).

in nucleic acids, certain proteins, and lipids.

e.g. In DNA and RNA.

are the smallest component of life, with matter, they make elements; made up of protons (+), neutrons(/), and electrons (-).

represents the number of protons an atom has in its nucleus;

number of protons + neutrons.

two atoms of an element that have a different number of neutrons.

an electron’s potential energy level.

e.g. When electrons absorb energy, they jump away from the nucleus.

chemical subunits used to create polymers.

macromolecules (large molecules) made of many monomers; specific to the monomers they consist of.

carbohydrate

protein

nucleic acid

lipid

water is removed to break the covalent bonds between monomers (water becomes a bi-product).

water is added to a polymer to break it apart into monomers.

vary in structure and function

complex carbohydrates can have monomers whose structure determine the properties and functions of the carbohydrate.

serve as immediate energy (fuel), or building materials for a cell

e.g. Glucose serves as the main fuel for cells

change in structure can lead to change in function

biological information is encoded in sequences of nucleotide monomers; DNA and RNA differ in structure and function.

a five-carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), a phosphate, and a nitrogen base (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, or uracil).

deoxyribose, thymine

ribose, uracil

specific order of amino acids in a polypeptide (primary structure) determines the overall shape and linked by peptide bonds; ALWAYS have an amino group terminus and a carboxyl group terminus.

can be hydrophobic, hydrophilic, or ionic; determine structure and function of that region of the protein.

do not have true monomers but are composed of subunits like fatty acids and glycerol; differences in saturation determine the structure and function of lipids.

fatty acid components determine structure and function based on saturation.

when there are double bonds in the carbon skeleton.

specialized lipids that have a hydrophobic AND hydrophilic region, determining interactions with other molecules

hydrophilic heads face toward the outer and inner aqueous environments of a cell; hydrophobic tails face toward each other to avoid aqueous interactions.

provide cells with structure, catalytic, signaling, defense, and transport within cells.

e.g. enzymes, hormones, storage, transport (membrane), defense proteins, and receptor proteins.

sequence of amino acids connected through peptide bonds.

hydrogen bonding of backbones.

e.g. alpha helix, beta-pleated sheets.

interactions between helix and sheets.

interactions between two or more polypeptide chains (multi-subunit proteins). e.g. DNA Polymerase.

occurs when proteins lose their tertiary structure through exposure to temperatures and pH levels outside a protein's optimal range.

DNA and RNA in these processes are replicated and transcribed in the 5’ to 3’ direction; nucleotides are added to the 3’ end.

meaning that DNA strands run in different directions, one 5’ to 3’ and the other 3’ to 5’.

multiple linked sugar units, complex carbohydrate.

two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond through dehydration synthesis. e.g. Maltose, Sucrose, Lactose.