Ap Human Geography- Unit 2 key terms

is the pattern of human settlement the spread of people across the earth

is a measure of the average population per square mile or kilometer of a an area

the regions between 30 degrees and 60 degrees, north and south of the equator

Most people live in low-lying areas rather than high altitude areas such as mountains

most people live near lakes or rivers

the differentiation of society into classes based on wealth, power, production, and prestige

the most commonly used population density

calculated by dividing population by the amount of arable land, or land suitable for growing crops

compares the number of farmers to the area of arable land

because urban area are continuing to increase in population and the population of rural area is shrinking these boundary adjustments

refers to the facilities and structures that allows people to carry out their typical activities

having more people than it can support is partially dependent on it population distribution and density

the number of people a region can support without damaging the environment

The carrying capacity of a region can change over time

cities could be built on land with low carrying capacity, such as where the soil is not ideal for farming

In addition to agriculture many other aspects of the environment are affected as population density increases

one of the most useful tools to study population is the age sex composition graph

this slowdown of births

the birth rate spikes

birth rates lower for a number of years

people ages 15-64

people under the age 15 and over 64

the comparison between the size of these two groups

is the number of live births per year for each 1,000 people

is the average number of children who would be born per woman of that group in a country

the average number of years people live

one of the most important advances in reducing mortality was the creation fo sewer systems

people also learned that boiling water before they used it could prevent transmission of waterborne illnesses

today efforts by the United Nations, national governments and private organizations to vaccines against other serious diseases such as polio, tuberculosis, and rabies

while vaccines helped prevent people from getting ill antibiotics helped cure people who had bacterial infections

improved medical procedures have also extended life expectancy

of an area are measured per 1.000 population

the percentage at which a countrys population is growing or declining without the impact of migration

can be estimated using an equation known as the rule of 70 (some people use rule of 72)

shows five typical stages of population change that countries experience as they modernize

this process occurs because even though fertility rates have declined people are living longer and this results in population continuing to grow for another 20-40 years

this model is an extension of the demographic transition model and explains that changing death rates and more common causes of death within societies

geographers and other social scientists have debated the usefulness of Mathuss ideas about population growth

suggested that the more people there are, the more hands there are to work, rather than just more mouths to feed

there are those who still accept his fundamental premise as correct today,

chinese culture has long preferred male children over females, so the one child policy contributed to an unbalanced gender ratio

designed to increase the fertility rate

includes both immigrants and emigration when predicting future population

because they are considered too young or too old to work full time

is the permanent or semipermanent relocation of people from one place to another

most people who move do so in search of a better life

Geographers such as Wilbur Zelinsky saw a connection between Zelinskys theory

barriers that make reaching their desired destination more difficult

migrants may also encounter opportunities en route that disrupt their original migration plan

most migrants travel only a short distance

migrants traveling long distances usually settle in large urban areas

the model assumes that the size and distance between two cities or countries will influence the amount of interactions that include migration, travel, and economic activity

most migration occurs through step migration a process in which migrates reach their eventual destination through a series of smaller moves

most migration in history has been from rural agricultural areas to urban city areas

each migration flow products a movement in the opposite direction

immigrants moving back to their former home

most immigrants are younger adults, between ages 20 and 45

most international migrants are young males,  while more internal migrants are females

migration that is involuntary meaning migrants have no choice but to move

if these migrants move to another part of the same country they are called

if they cross international borders

is protection granted by one country to an immigrant from another country who has legitimate fear of harm or death if he or she returns

is used to describe movement that occurs within a country

is when people move from one country to another or internationally rather than internally

explains many patterns of migration and helps migrates transition into the receiving country

are also transnational migrants who relocate to a new country to provide labor that isn't available locally

the process of herders moving with their animals to different pastures during different seasons

a program in which the U.S government gave land to settlers willing to stay and farm it for five years

today many governments regulate the flow of workers into their country

these regulate the number of workers who can temporarily enter each country to work in specific industries for a defined amount of time

policies that allow migrants to sponsor family members who migrate to the country

a strong dislike of people of another culture

since immigrants generally move from poorer regions to wealthier areas they often can afford to make remittances money sent to their family and friends in the country they left

Migrations can also have negative effects on the places people are leaving

when migrantation out of country is made up of many highly skilled people

or neighborhoods filled primarily with people of the same enthnic group such as Little Italy or Chinatown add to cultural richness of countries in which they develop