AP Goverment Unit 3

School sponsorship of religious activities violates the establishment clause

Compelling Amish students to attend school past the eighth grade violates the free exercise clause

Public school students have the \n right to wear black armbands in school to protest the Vietnam War, 1st amendment symbolic speech.

Bolstered the freedom of the press, establishing a \n "heavy presumption against prior restraint" even in cases involving national security

Speech creating a "clear and present danger" is not protected by the First Amendment

Guaranteed the right to an attorney for the poor or indigent in a state felony case, 6th amendment-right to counsel

Extended the right of privacy to a woman's decision to have an abortion, right to privacy implied by the bill of rights (3,4,5 &9)

The Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms for self-defense is applicable to the states

Race-based school segregation violates the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment. Legal segregation is inherently unequal precedent, but not enforced in states for awhile, overturned Plessy v. Ferguson.

A court order requiring explanation to a judge why a prisoner is being held in custody.

law that makes an act punishable as a crime even if the action was legal at the time it was committed and this is not allowed

14th amendment clause stating that no state may deprive a person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law

The process by which provisions of the Bill of Rights are brought within the scope of the Fourteenth Amendment and so applied to state and local governments.

Part of the First Amendment stating that "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion."

A First Amendment provision that prohibits government from interfering with the practice of religion.

law should not punish speech unless there was a clear and present danger of producing harmful actions

A government preventing material from being published. This is a common method of limiting the press in some nations, but it is usually unconstitutional in the United States, according to the First Amendment and as confirmed in the 1931 Supreme Court case of Near v. Minnesota.

libel, obscenity, and fighting words, which are not entitled to constitutional protection in all circumstances

written defamation

form of speech and press the government can regulate, pornography, applied community standards and the material is without social value

A nonviolent, public refusal to obey allegedly unjust laws.

Power of a government to take private property for public use.

A government regulation that effectively takes land by restricting its use, even if it remains in the owner's name.

following established legal procedures

Constitutional requirement that governments proceed by proper methods; limits how government may exercise power.

A written authorization from a court specifying the area to be searched and what the police are searching for.

a law that prohibits the use of illegally obtained evidence in a criminal trial.

A group of citizens that decides whether there is sufficient evidence to accuse someone of a crime.

A jury of 6 to 12 persons who determine guilt or innocence in a civil or criminal action

A formal charge by a grand jury

a defendant's admission of guilt in exchange for a less severe punishment

Being tried twice for the same crime

A policy in educational admissions or job hiring that gives special attention or compensatory treatment to traditionally disadvantaged groups in an effort to overcome present effects of past discrimination.

14th amendment clause that prohibits states from denying equal protection under the law, and has been used to combat discrimination

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

made "all persons born or naturalized in the United States" citizens of the country

A clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867.

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

a requirement that citizens show that they can read before registering to vote

Interracial organization founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination and to achieve political and civil rights for African Americans.

granted women the right to vote in 1920

required citizens of a state to pay a special tax in order to vote

the process of seeking U.S. Department of Justice approval for all changes related to voting

when the government treats some classes of people differently from others, the different treatment must be reasonable and not arbitrary

A 1978 Supreme Court decision holding that a state university could not admit less qualified individuals solely because of their race.

Principle upheld in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) in which the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public facilities was legal.

abolished slavery

No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance

The constitutional amendment passed in 1964 that declared poll taxes void in federal elections.

Martin Luther King argues to the White clergy that people have had enough with segregation. They have the duty to break unjust laws to install just law and demand equality, rather than waiting for it to happen.

Prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex (title vll), or national origin in public places. Allowed withholding grants and suing schools that did not integrate.

Prohibits racial discrimination in voting; banning literacy tests and poll taxes

pure speech,free speech plus, symbolic speech

Fundamental rights and freedoms protected from infringement by the government

Protections from discrimination as a member of a particular group (race, gender, religion, ethnicity, etc)