Chapter 18: Blood Group Typing and Protein Profiling 

Defined as antigen polymorphisms present on erythrocyte surfaces.

These occur when an incompatible type of blood is transfused into an individual, which can lead to severe symptoms or even death.

He discovered the first blood group, known as the ABO system, in the early 1900s, while studying transfusion and transplantation.

The International Society of Blood Transfusion currently recognizes ____ blood group systems, which include hundreds of antigen polymorphisms

_____ individuals have the A antigen.

___ individuals have the B antigen.

____ individuals have both A and B antigens.

____ individuals have neither A nor B antigens.

The O antigen is synthesized by _______, a fucose transferase encoded by the FUT genes, which adds a fucose on the end of a glycolipid or glycoprotein.

____ produces the A-transferase, which transfers N-acetylgalactosamine to the O antigen and thus synthesizes the A antigen

_____ produces the B-transferase, which transfers galactose to the O antigen and thus synthesizes the B antigen.

_____ has a mutation (small deletion), which eliminates transferase activity, and no modification of the O antigen occurs.

Individuals whose A, B, and O antigens can be found in other types of bodily fluids are referred to as ______.

It is expressed in tissues of mesodermal origin and is responsible for the synthesis of the O antigen in erythrocytes.

It is expressed in tissues of endodermal origin; it is responsible for the synthesis of the O antigen in secretions.

It relies on the principles of Landsteiner’s experiments. It is an agglutination-based assay that utilizes the A, B, and O indicator cells to test the agglutination reaction with its corresponding naturally occurring serum antibodies in a questioned sample.

It is highly sensitive and can be used for testing dried bloodstains. This method indirectly detects the presence of antigens.

______ can be used to isolate proteins for studying the functions of proteins.

It is common to include reducing agents such as mercaptoethanol (ME), dithiothreitol (DTT), or sodium mercaptoethane sulfonate (MESNA) to denature proteins.

A strong anion detergent that binds to most proteins in amounts proportional to the molecular weight of the protein.

It can be used to separate proteins according to their isoelectric points (pI).

It is the pH value at which the net electric charge of an amino acid is zero.

In IEF electrophoresis, a ____ is created in a gel between the electrodes, and a protein sample is placed in a well on the gel.

A _____ in the gel is established by utilizing materials such as carrier ampholytes or immobilines that are dispersed in the gel.

These are synthetic amphoteric compounds that contain multiple weak ionizable moieties acting as either acids or bases.

Are multiple forms of an enzyme that catalyze the same reaction but differ in their amino acid sequences.

An important metabolic enzyme, catalyzes the reversible conversion of glucose-1-phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate.

The dominant form of hemoglobin present in the fetus during gestation.

An inherited variant of normal adult hemoglobin

The most widely used of the polymorphic serum proteins in forensic biology. It is a protein that binds and transports Hb from the bloodstream to the liver for the recycling of the iron contained in the Hb.