APUSH - Chapter 11-12

In the 19th Century, cotton surpassed sugar as the world's major crop produced by slave labor.

To replace slave trade from Africa(Prohibited by Congress in 1808), massive trade occurred in the U.S. Thousands of Salves were sold from older states to "importing states" of the South.

Money earned in the cotton trade helped finance industrial development and internal improvements in the North.

Lords of the Loom (Early Factory owners in New England) relied on cotton supplied by the Lords of the Lash (Southern Slaveowners).

Some poorer whites resented the power and privilege's of the great planters. Most poor whites made their peace with the planters, as social and economic power was placed into the planter's hands. Most small farmers believed their economic and personal freedom rested on slavery.

A *minority of the population was slaveholders, but the planter values and aspirations still dominated southern life. Many believed that owning slaves provided the route to wealth, status, and influence.

The head of the system has a right of obedience and labor from the slave, but the slave also had a right from the master of protection, counsel, subsidence, and care in old age.

Before the law, slaves were property, though they had some rights, but they weren't often enforced.

Missouri court considered the crime of Celia, a women who killed her master in 1855 while resisting a sexual assault.

While free blacks were still held to all of the restrictions that unfree blacks faced, they were able to own property and marry.

On rice plantations in South Carolina and Georgia, slaves were assigned daily tasks and were allowed to set their own pace of work, once their tasks were completed, they were able to spend the rest of the day as they wanted.

On the Cotton Belt, Slaves labored in gangs under the direction of an overseer. They often worked nonstop until the overseer got tired.

Most city slaves were servants, cooks, and other domestic laborers. Sometimes owners allowed their slaves with craft skills to make the own work arrangements with employers on their own (Most of the profits still went to master). Many urban slaves lived on their own*, this harmed the relation between master and servant, leading to many masters to sell their slaves to the country and seek replacements.

To solidify a sense of family continuity, slaves frequently named children after relatives like cousins, uncles, and grandparents.

A distinctive version of Christianity that offered hope for liberation from bondage.

Slaves could rarely express their desire of freedom through outright rebellion, but they did day to day resistance such as doing poor work, breaking tools, abusing animas, or disrupting plantation routine. Many slaves also often pretended that they were sick to avoid work.

A slave who escaped to Philadelphia in 1849, during the next decade she risked her life by making ~20 trips back to lead relatives and others to freedom via the Underground Railroad (A loose organization of sympathetic abolitionists who hid slaves in their homes then sent them to the next station).

Vesey had purchased his freedom after winning the local lottery. An outspoken, charismatic leader, Vesey rebuked blacks who stepped off of the city's sidewalks to allow whites to pass and took a leading role in the local African Methodist Church.

53 slaves in 1839 took control of the ship the Amistad, which was transporting them from one port in Cuba to another. The slaves tried to force the navigator to sail to Africa, but ended up being caught by an American ship.

Nat Turner was a slave preacher and religious mystic who believed that God chose him to lead a black uprising.

Reformers who brought about their own cooperative settlements to help bring change through example. Nearly al communities set out to reorganize society on a cooperative basis, hoping to restore social harmony to a world of individualism and to narrow the widening gap between the rich and the poor.

They were the most successful of the religious communities, and they had a significant impact on the outside world.

Smith, a young farmer in NY, claimed to have been led to a set of golden plates, which he later translated to be the book of Mormon. He claimed that ancient Hebrews emigrated to the New World and had become the ancestors of the American Indians.

Because the values of the Mormons alarmed many Americans, mobs drove the Mormons out of NY, settling in Illinois(1839)

Oneida: John Humphrey Noyes and his followers formed a small community in Putney Vermont(1836). Noyes did away with private property and abandoned traditional marriage. After being indicted of adulatory in 1848, he moved his community to Oneida, where it survived to 1881. Oneida was extremely dictatorial, those who violated Noyes' regulations were publicly criticized.

Historians called them Utopian based on Thomas More's 16th century novel "Utopia", showing an outline of a perfect society, though the world has come to imply the plan as impractical and improbable.

These areas became fertile soil for the era's reform movements. In these regions there were intense revivals(1820s-1830s) like in NY or North Ohio.

American Temperance Society, formed in 1824, directed its efforts to redeem both habitual and occasional drinkers. In the 1830s it claimed to have persuaded hundreds of thousands of Americans to renounce liquor. By 1840, the consumption of alcohol per person dropped by half as compared to a decade before.

It was founded in 1825. This distributed tracts and devotional books.

He led the educational reform movement. He hoped that universal public education could restore equality to a fractured society by bringing children of all classes together in a common learning experience and equipping those less fortunate to advance forward in society.

Walker, a free black in North Carolina, wrote "An Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World"(1829), he called for blacks to mobilize abolition, by force if necessary. Walker's language alarmed both slaveholders and many white critics of slavery, but he ultimately died from mysterious circumstances.

One of many former slaves who published accounts of their bondage, these accounts convinced thousands of northerners of the evils of slavery.

1836, abolitionists began to flood Washington with petitions calling for emancipation in the nation's capital. Because of this, the House of Representatives adopted this rule, which *prohibited their consideration. *

A Massachusetts schoolteacher who was the leading advocate for more humane treatment of the insane, thanks to her, 28 states made them before the Civil War.

During the 1830s, Angelina and Sarah Grimke began to deliver popular lectures that offered a scathing condemnation of slavery from the perspective of those who witnessed it first-hand. The Grimke Sisters used the intense criticism that they received as a springboard.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott were key organizers of the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848, they were veterans of the antislavery crusade.

Even in reform circles, the demand for a *greater public role for women remained extremely controversial. *

Stevens believed that schools should be free, that the poor should also have access to them.

At the 1851 women's rights convention, Sojourner Truth insisted that the movement devote attention to the plight of poor and working-class women and repudiated the idea that women were too delicate too work outside of the home.

An educational reformer who created the McGuffey readers, a widely distributed elementary level school-book.

Educational Reformer and Women's Rights Activist who Founded the Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, one of the first higher-level institution for women.

Women's Rights Activist and Educational Reformer who Founded Troy Female Seminary, the first school for young women.

Women's Rights Activist who was president of the National Women Suffrage Association, helping to pave the way for the 19th amendment, which granted women the right to vote.

Educational Reformer and Women's Rights Activist who insisted that women must abandon the idea of weakness, that dependence was their nature and that they should join assertively in movements to change society.

Abolitionist and Women's Rights Activist who invited slaves on stage and hold a mock slave auction until enough money was raised for their freedom.

Abolitionist. He was one of the movement's greatest orators. He was inspired to join the abolitionist cause when Lovejoy, the martyr who defended his press, died.

He was a leader of the second and more conservative phase of the Second Great Awakening. He acknowledged that human beings were deeply sinful, but he also taught that they also had the ability to accept God's grace, if they decided to do so.

A teetotalism reformer (The practice or promotion of total abstinence from alcoholic drinks). He is known for his involvement in the temperance campaign.

He is known for his emphasis on vegetarianism, the temperance movement, and eating whole-grain bread. His preaching inspired the graham flour, graham bread, and graham cracker products.

Believed in self-reliance, he believed that modern society stifled individual judgement by making men "tools of their tools", trapped in enthusiasm-stifling jobs by their obsession with acquiring wealth.

Most prominent member of the Transcendentalists who believed that freedom was an open-ended process of self-realization by which individuals could remake themselves and their own lives.

Believed that women had the same right as men to develop their talents. She became part of the transcendentalist circle and became the literary editor of the New York Tribune, the first women to achieve so important a position in American journalism.

An abolitionist who wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin, the best-selling anti-slavery novel, which shared ideas about the injustices of slavery, pushing back against dominant cultural beliefs about the physical and emotional capacities of black people