Unit 5 Part 1 Flashcards AP Psych

encoding, storage, and retrieval

alzheimer’s begins as difficulty remembering new info → inability to do everyday tasks

recall, recognition and relearning

retrieving info not currently in conscious awareness but learned at earlier time

identifying items previously learned

learning something more quickly when you learn it a second or later time

fill in teh blank question, short answer, or essay prompt

multiple choice or matching

studying for a final exam over entire year’s course content

Randomly selected sample of syllables and practiced, then tested—forgot but not entirely. Speed of relearning is one measure of memory retention

Considering many aspects of a problem simultaneously; natural mode of info processing for many functions

3 stage model of memory: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

immediate, very brief recording of sensory info in memory system

memory that holds a few items briefly before information is stored or forgotten

relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

Slipping into long term with backdoor, without consciously attending to it (automatic processing)

a lot of such happens in short-term memory that many prefer the term working memory

newer understanding of short term memory that adds conscious active processing of incoming auditory and visual info and of info retrieved from long-term memory

Visual-spatial and auditory rehearsal of new info

hypothetical central executive (manager) focuses our attention and pulls info from long-term memory to help make sense of new info

To coordinate focused processing without which, information often fades

Essentially focuses attention to stop it from fading

Retention of facts and experiences from long-term memory that one can consciously know and declare

Also called declarative memory

Retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations in long-term memory independent of conscious recollection

Also called nondeclarative memory

We encode explicit memories through conscious effortful processing; encoding that requires attention and conscious effort whereas implicit memory relies on automatic processing or unconscious encoding of incidental information such as space, time, and frequency

Flashed a group of letters for a 20th of a second and when they recalled a row, it was near perfect but not when it was the whole.

A fleeting sensory memory of visual stimuli, as shown by Sperling’s experiment.

Auditory echoes linger for very short periods of time, and we can recall them very well

Miller proposed we can hold 5-9 pieces of info

Peterson and Peterson asked subjects to remember 3 consonant groups — related time with longer time meaning less retention for short term (graph!!)

Encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words

Encoding semantically based on the meaning of the words, tends to yield the best retention

essentially limitless

Partial memory no matter which part of brain taken out—distributes components out

semantic or episodic

facts and gen knowledge

episodic is experienced events

hippocampus, fed to other regions for storage

One active as learning social info

One active as memory engage in spatial mnemonics

One active (rear) processing spatial memory and growing bigger as london cabbies navigate maze of streets

no, loading dock—memory consolidation

implicit long term memory, remembered bad result (conditioned) despite not being able to explicitly recall why

processing sensory input, coordinating movement output and balance and enabling nonverbal learning and memory

role in implicit memories

Ability to form implicit memories/certain conditioned reflexes

first 4 years consciously not remembered

index most of explicit memory with command if language children dont have—hippocampus one of last brain structures to mature and as it does more is retained

Stress provokes amygdala to initiate a memory trace boosting activity in brains memory forming areas

flashbulb memory

long term potentiation or LTP and provides neural basis for learning and remembering associations

long term potentiation

increasing in cells firing potential after brief rapid stimulation—neural basis for learning and memory

Encoding and remembering bits of situation of the time, retrieval cues that help to later access info

Associations formed at time we encode, smells tastes and sights—mentally place selves in original context

percep set is tendency to notice some aspects of SENSORY data

priming is implicit memory effect in which EXPOSURE influences later response

after seeing rabbit, more likely to hear hare over hair

Idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory are most effective in helping us recall it

If we learn in one physiological state, more easily recalled in that state

Tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad emotional state (mood)

Mood effects on retrieval help ezplain why moods persist, we remember sad when sad happy when happy

remember first and last best

echoic or still in working memory and rehearsal of first

Anterograde amnesia: inability to form new memories due to injury or illness

Retrograde amnesia: inability of retrieval of info because of injury or illness

any memory stage, encoding storage or retrieval

encoding failure, storage decay, or retrieval failure

Memory for novel info fades quickly then levels out

Long term memory not regearsed or important cannot be retrieved

Proactive interference, forward acting of old on new

Retroactive interference, backward acting of new on recall of old

Frued idea we repress to forget

Trauma makes vivid, not repressed

Previously stored altered before being stored again

Imaginining repeatedly creates false memories

Faulty memorily for how when or where infor learned or imagined

When symptoms dont fit disease prototypes, slow to perceive illness

convergent is narrowing to determine single best, divergent is outside the box—creative

Expertise, imaginative thinking, venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, creative environment

algorithm slower more accurate, heuristic is expediency

burst of acitivty in right temporal lobe just above the ear

tendency to search for info supporting precinceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

inability to see problem from new perspective, obstacle to problem solving

tendency to approach problem with mindset worked preciously, mental set what we THINK!!

effortless immediate automatic feeling contrasting with explicit conscious reasoning

representative heuristic vs availability heuristic

representative estimating likelihood of events in terms of how well they represent prototypes—lead to ignore other relevant info

availability heuristic

estimating likelihood based on availability in memory, instances coming readily we presume are common

more able to visualize remember more

Overconfidence leads to planning fallacy, overestimating leisure time and income

clinging to ones initial conceptions after basis on which they were formed and discredited

syntax structure semantics meaning

smallest sound unit

smallest unit with meaning

language is unlearned human trait, separate from other parts of cognition

predisposed desire to learn grammar rules, noam chomsky

ability to understand its said about them, take in but not say

10 digit doesnt help

two word stage

two word stage produces sentences hsing noun and verbs