Period 7: 1890-1955, Populism, Imperialism, WWI, Red Scare, Roaring 20s, Great Depression, New Deal, 30s FOreign Policy, WWII

• Leaders of th progressive movement were middle-class reformers concerned with urban & consumer issues.

• They believed that the government should be used to tackle social problems. (Ex. like in the New Deal and Great Society)

• They also believed that the Government should regulate industrial production & improve labor conditions.

• They rejected Social Darwinism, believing that cooperation offered the best way to improve society.

• Democratization of the political process: 1) Direct election of Senators via the 17th Amendment 2) Women's suffrage via the 19th Amendment.

• Reform of Local Governments: 1) Made initiative, recall, and referendum, to make local governments be more responsive to public opinion 2) Used a “commission/city manager” form of government to make the city more professional. 3) They believed in being non-partisan to weaken political machines.

• Regulation of Big Business: 1) Pass child labor law, such as the Keating Owen Act which ended up passing, but was overturned in Hammer v Dagenham 2) Creation of antitrust legislation (FTC Act & Clayton Act to stop trusts) and the Pure Food And Drug Act.

• 16th Amendment — Congress to levy & collect income tax (First time in U.S. history that we get an income tax.).

• 17th — Direct election of Senators.

• 18th — Prohibition.

• 19th — Women's suffrage

• Investigative reporters who promoted social & political reforms by exposing corruption & urban problems.

• They were the leading critics of urban bosses & corporate Robber Barons (The Ultra-wealthy).

• Mass-circulation of newspapers & magazines enabled muckrakers to reach large audiences.

• Upton Sinclair: 1) He wrote “The Jungle”, which was about the meatpacking industry 2) convinced Congress to pass the Meat Inspection Act of 1906 & the Pure Food and Drug Act.

• Jacob Riis: 1) A journalist/photographer who worked in NYC. 2) He wrote “How the Other Half Lives” which looked at immigrant conditions in the lower East Side.

• Ida Tarbell 1) The first woman journalist. 2) She examined the history of the Standard Oil Company, exposing Rockefeller.

• He addressed the following issues: 1) conservation of natural resources & wildlife 2) Unsanitary condition of the meat packing industry 3) Monopolization & consolidation of the RxR industry 4) Unsafe drug products.

• The Square Deal: Believed that the four sides of the economy (Workers, farms, business, and people) should get four equal parts.

• The square deal used arbitrators (Neutral third party) to settle the Anthracite Coal Mine Strike of 1902

• Created the Bull Moose Party & ran in 1912, Roosevelt lost because the votes were split with Taft. Woodrow Wilson won

• He was a vigorous reformer who attacked high tariffs, issues, and trusts (Wanted to bust trusts)

• He supported the Federal REserve Act of 1913, a system of district banks coordinated by a central board. This basically made currency and credit more available.

• Made “Hull House” in Chicago to help the urban poor.

• She set up day nurseries, gave reports on the condition of housing, and taught literacy classes.

• Frontier life promoted women's equality.

• States allowed women suffrage before 1903. Western states gave women’s suffrage before eastern states.

• 19th Amendment, passed in 1919.

• Carry Nation was the outspoken leader of WCTU.

• She convinced women that it was their moral responsibility to improve society by working for prohibition (Leading to the 15th Amendment)

• Dorothea Dix, pushed for prison reform & the mentally ill.

• Ida B. Wells-Barnett, an African American who pushed against lynching.

• Women reformers were also actively involved in the following Progressive Era reforms: 1) Child labor legislation 2) Work hour limits for women & children.

• Most females working outside the home were young & unmarried.

• 19th & 20th century, most women worked outside the home in the following areas: 1) Domestic servants 2) Garment workers 3) Teachers 4) Cigar makers

• 19th & 20th century, most women were least likely to work outside the home in the following occupations: 1) physicians 2) lawyers

• Believed that African Americans should get professional education.

• He was the most influential advocate of full political, economic, social equality for blacks.

• He founded the NAACP in 1909

• DuBois wrote the “Talented 10th”, which called for intellectual development, education, writing books, professionals, and to become involved in social change.

• DuBois was the opposite of Booker T. Washington (Believed African Americans should get vocational training). DuBois supported cooperation with whites and believed in integration, not Black separatism.

• They rejected Washington's idea of gradualism (Gradual Reform) & separatism (Belief that a group should become independent and have their own government or live apart from other people.)

• Focused on using courts to achieve equality & justice.

• The KKK emerged during radical reconstruction (1865-1877)

• The “Birth of a Nation” film depicted the KKK as heroes.

• The “Birth of a Nation” played a role in the KKK’s resurgence during the Progressive Era.

• The KKK favored white supremacy & immigration restriction

• Wilson issued a proclamation of neutrality, saying that they would be staying out of WWI

• Wilson's policy of neutrality was consistent with avoiding foreign entanglements, like as suggested in Washington's Farewell Address.

• Wilson insisted that belligerents (Countries who were at war) respect American neutrality on the high seas.

• A stalemate in France and a naval blockade by the British forced Germany to implement unrestricted sub warfare in 1917

• 1917, the Zimmerman telegram was intercepted by the British, which called for Mexico to join Germany and in return Mexico would receive the territory they lost in the Mexican-American war.

• Accused Germany of violating the freedom of the seas agreement, killing innocent Americans (On the Lusitania) and interfering in Mexico

• Wilson said America would launch a noble crusade "to make the world safe for democracy"

• Causes of the Migration: 1) Jim Crow laws denied African Americans their rights as citizens, leading to poverty and systematic discrimination. 2) Wartime demand for industrial workers gave blacks an opportunity to leave the South

• Exodus from the Rural South: 1) In 1915, an overwhelming majority of Blacks lived in the rural South. 2) Many blacks moved to North or West during the WWI. 3) Chicago Race Riots in 1919 (Sparking when a black swimmer drifted to the “white” side, some whites then pelted him with rocks, causing the man to die.). Blacks showed they black were on longer accepting their precious status as 2nd class citizens.

• Used propaganda to arouse public support for the war and stifle dissent.

• Persuaded Americans to buy war bonds (Aka liberty bonds), while also persuading them that Germans were barbaric.

• Included a call for the following: 1) Open diplomacy 2) freedom of the seas 3) creating an international organization to preserve peace and security (The League of Nations). 4) National self-determination for oppressed minority groups.

• Did not include the following: 1) Recognition of Allied economic and territorial gains made during the war. 2) A provision to create the International Monetary Fund (IMF), which were countries working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world.

• Wilson (Democrat) refused to compromise, especially for the League of Nations. This led to Senate opposition of the Treaty of Versailles led by Henry Cabot Lodge (Republican)

• Opponent felt joining the league would lead to future conflicts (Internationalism v Isolationsim)

• Personal and political rivalry between Wilson and Lodge

• Revisionists believed that the League of Nations could be revised, and then applied.

• Irreconciliables did not want the league at all, revisions or not.

• 1917, led by Lenin to overthrow the Czar Nicolas II and take control.

• Widespread postwar labor strikes, racial violence, and other forms of dissent made Americans nervous. Also the Comintern aka Communist International was committed to spreading communist ideas around the world

• Led by Attorney General A. Mitchel Palmer

• Caused by America’s fear of communism and radicalism.

• Attacked suspected communists and anarchists.

• During this period, civil liberties were disregarded. There were no search warrants and there were more than 4,000 arrests with no lawyer option.

• Sacco and Venzetti (1920), they were accused of killing a paymaster. There was no justice for them, and they were sentenced to death.

• There was a rise in the standard of living and there were more people moving into urban centers.

• Evidence of Economic Prosperity during the 1920s: 1) There were a large number of women and men working office jobs. 2) Marketing of consumer goods. 3) Growing investment in the stock market.

• Henry Ford’s model T (A universal car), assembly line techniques made this car available to the average American.

• By 1920, the number of children between 10 and 15 in industrial jobs declined.

• Farmers in the South and Midwest were the least prosperous in the U.S.

• 1921-1929 was a period of falling prices for agricultural products.

• 1920s Republican presidents Harding, Collidgem, and Hoover, all favored tax cuts (Melon Tax) for the wealthy.

• Federal agencies created during the progressive era, like the Federal Trade Commission, aided businesses.

• The policy of this time was isolationism, although, we participated in international financing and payment of war reparations.

• Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928. An international agreement by 62 nations pledging not to use war as an instrument of national policy.

• Washington Naval Conference (1921-1922), limited the size of navies for Britain, Japan, U.S., France, and Italy.

• Dawes Plan 1924: The plan was to loan money Germany so that they could pay reparations to Great Britain and France, in return Great Britain and France would repay their loans to U.S., creating a cycle of debt. This was a big cause of WWII because it caused the German economy to crash.

• The "Lost Generation"of the 1920's: 1) Key writers: Sinclair Lewis and F. Scott Fitzgerald. 2) These writers were disillusioned with American society during the 1920s. 3) They criticized middle-class materialism and conformity.

• Jazz: Black musicians created Jazz music. Such as artists like Jelly Roll Morton and Duke Ellington. 2) It was popular amongst the younger crowd because it symbolized a desire to break with traditions, encouraged dancing, the nightlife, etc.

• Movies were the most popular form of mass entertainment.

• Baseball, boxing, and other sports become big business.

• The Radio became available to most Americans, and the National radio networks reached millions.

• Fundamentalism was a anti-liberal and anti-secular movement that gained strength throughout the 1920's

• The Scopes trial was an important test case: 1) Scopes was a highschool teacher from Tennessee who was indicted for teaching evolution. 2) This was a conflict between fundamentalism and modernism 3) Darrow got William Jennings Bryan to admit that not all religious dogma is subject to a single interpretation.

• The Ku Klux Klan (KKK): They had a dramatic rise during the 1920's because of “Birth of a Nation”, and they were hostile to Catholics, Jews, African Americans and immigrants.

• The National Origins Act of 1924: 1) Restricted flow of immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe. 2) European immigration will decline. 3) Mexico and Puerto Rico immigrants increased because it did not restrict them.

• The Sacco and Vanzetti Case illustrated the fears of radicals and recent immigrants

• The Harlem Renaissance: 1) Thrived during the 1920s 2) THis was the outpouring of Black artistic and literary creativity. 3) This expressed pride in African American culture. 4) Key figures: Zora Neale Hurston, Langston Hughes, Josephine Baker, and James Weldon Johnson

• The Great Migration: 1) Black migration to the North and the West continued during the 1920s. 2) Pull factor: industrial jobs. Push factor: Jim Crow laws

• Marcus Garvey: 1) leader of the United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA). 2) promoted black pride, economic development, nationalism, and Pan-Africanism. 3) He was committed to blacks returning to Africa

• Flappers: 1) symbolized new freedom for women by challenging traditional attitudes. 2) This was seen in short bobbed hair, smoking, stylish dresses, and the wearing of one piece bathing suits.

• Women in the Workforce: 1) Between 1920-1930, THe number of women in office and store jobs declined. 2) There was still no equal pay, and they continued to face discrimination in in professions. 3) most married women did not seek work outside the home

• Margaret Sanger: A reformer who championed for birth control (Because immigrants had too many children)

• Factors leading to the decline in the Feminist Movement during the 1920s: 1)  The 19th amendment 2) Women's groups had different goals. 3) A decline in progressive reform movement.

• A loss of confidence in the stock market (People were buying stocks on credit as a “get rich quick” strategy)

• A reduction in the output of manufactured goods

• A decline in investment capital.

• Companies overproduced goods.

• Consumers didn't have enough money or credit to purchase goods.

• So there were a bunch of products being made that were not being bought.

• The decline in farm prosperity in the 1920s was a significant cause of the Great Depression

• A depression in prices of agricultural products was a sign of things to come

• International Trade was on the decline

• Hawley Smoot Tariff of 1930: Raised tariffs, decreased trade, and within 3 years the world trade declined by 40%

• Hoover did this in order to protect American Business.

• 1932 WWI veterans marched on Washington in order to convince Congress to give them a Bonus, which was promised to them years before.

• Hoover used force to disband the Bonus Army. This stained Hoover’s image.

• Hoover’s policies were characterized by inaction and the idea that things would end up working out on their own.

• Hoover believed the business community would stimulate economic recovery. (Volunteerism)

• Hoover believed that the unemployed should be taken care of by private charities. (But people didn’t have money to donate.

• Hoover supported federal loans to private businesses and to state and local governments.

• Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) provided money to banks, RXRs, insurance companies, and other businesses.

• The 3 R's: Relief (Immediate Aid), Recovery (Get Economy Back to Previous Levels), and Reform (Make sure that the Great Depression never happens again.)

• Roosevelt favored direct federal relief to individuals.

• Roosevelt sought to restructure capitalism, not replace it with a socialist system.

• Roosevelt used deficit spending (When spending exceeds revenue) on public works programs to revive the economy. (Keynesian Economics)

• Concerns Addressed during FDR's First Hundred Days of the New Deal: 1) restore public confidence in banks. 2) create public works to help the unemployed. 3) raise farm prices by restricting agricultural production. 4) provide mortgage support for homeowners. 4) Create the Tennessee Valley Administration (TVA) to provide cheap electricity, prevent flooding, and experiment with regional planning.

• Programs passed in the First Hundred Days: 1) The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) 2) The National Recovery Administration (NRA) 3) The Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA), 4) The Tennessee Valley Administration (TVA)

• Raise farm prices by lowering production.

• National system of crop controls offered subsidies to farmers who agreed to limit the production of certain crops.

• This defied common sense, as Americans were starving and farmers lowed crops and killed livestock.

• This was essentially a recovery program which encouraged farmers to reduce production in order to boost prices in exchange for getting paid in government subsidies

• A recovery program which supervised fair trade codes and guaranteed laborers a right to collective bargaining

• Sought government business cooperation.

• Allowed businesses to regulate themselves through codes of fair competition.

• This wasn’t successful because businesses needed to cut corners during the time of need, the government couldn’t ask businesses to keep workers if they had no money.

A relief program which employed young men on projects on federal lands and paid their small monetary monthly sums.

• Federal pension funded by taxpayers and employers. This program took care of the elderly.

• As we get older, Social Security is being drained.

•  A reform program which guaranteed a worker's right to join a union and a union's right to bargain collectively. It also outlawed business practices that were unfair to labor

• This was the Magna Carta of labor, as it ensured the workers right to organize and collectively bargain.

• This program led to an increase in labor union membership.

• Black Americans benefited from the New Deal

• New Deal programs were designed to help blacks as well.

• In this period we see a shift of Black Americans from Republican to Democratic

• These programs did not deal with racial injustices directly. There was also no major civil rights action.

• The Supreme Court (Republican) declared key parts of the New Deal unconstitutional.

• Roosevelt (Democratic) attempted to add justices to the Supreme Court, to make it more favorable to his New Deal because they were against his policies

• It reformed American capitalism.

• It led to a new direction for the government, such as using the federal government to enhance social welfare.

• It was partially successful in reducing unemployment and improving the economy.

• Democratic Party was now the dominant party.

• African Americans believed FDR helped them during this time, and we see a shift in African American voting from Republican to Democratic.

• WWII is really what gets us out of the GD, with massive military spending.

• Key things that the New Deal did not do include the following: 1) did not integrate the armed forces 2) no Equal Rights Amendment. 3) No programs were designed to protect the civil liberties of African Americans 4) There was no Bureau of Indian Affairs. 5) It did not nationalize basic industries (The process by which private companies become owned and controlled by the government.) 6) There was no legal recognition of unions for migrant workers.

• Formed by John L. Lewis

• Organized unskilled and semi-skilled factory workers in basic industries such as steel and auto.

• They used violent tactics to achieve their goals, they were a more radical organization

• 1935, AFL splits into two groups, the AFl and the CIO, at its national convention.

• THey split because the leaders of the AFL refused to grant charters to new unions that were organized on an industry wide basis (Organizing by industry rather than trade wasn’t as efficient since there were competing groups within each industry)

• The AFL favored organized labor by their skill and trade.

• The CIO favored organized labor of all workers in a particular industry.

• Groups Associated with the Democratic Coalition that elected FDR in 1936 were: White southerners, African Americans, ethnic minorities, and union members. Wealthy industrialists didn’t support Roosevelt because they believed that he gave away too much money to the poor.

• African Americans were loyal to the Republican Party because of the Emancipation Proclamation, and the reconstruction amendments.

• FDR gets blacks to switch their allegiance from Republican to Democratic party.

• Evicted people ended up creating shantytowns on the outskirts of the cities and lived in homeless encampments known as Hoovervilles

• Hoovervilles were a derogatory term for Hoover.

• The Great Depression of the 1930s led to mass migrations in search of jobs.

• African Americans were still on the move to the North and West.

• September 1931, Japan invaded and conquered Manchuria, a Northeastern Chinese province, changing the name to Manchukuo

• The U.S stated that they would not recognize any territorial gains taken by force. Although, FDR took no military action against Japan. FDR suggested quarantining aggressors to hurt them economically in his quarantine speech, however, the people responded negatively to this idea.

• Failure to act showed aggressors that there was no collective security

• Exemplified U.S. commitment to isolationism.

• . Drew support from Washington's farewell address.

• These declared that the U.S. would not be allowed to give money/arms to belligerents

• Authorized FDR to sell a surplus of military equipment to the Allies.

• Roosevelt used this program to help Great Britain and the U.S.S.R. resist Germany

• Because of Japan’s aggressive nature, FDR implemented a series of embargoes on supplies and froze their assets and halted all shipments of gasoline.

• This led to two choices for Japan as they were running low on oil due to the embargo: Either give in and withdraw from Manchuria, or attack the U.S Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor and seize oil supplies and other resources in Southeast Asia.

• December 7th, 1941 Japan attacked Pearl after diplomatic negotiations stalled.

• The U.S. first unified the American people for joining the war.

• They also announced a strategy to defeat Germany. Although hugely unpopular, the U.S. could not allow Great Britain and the U.S.S.R to fall to Germany, thus leading to two theaters of war. One in Europe, and one in the Pacific

• Good Neighbor Policy: FDR removes the U.S. right to intervene in Latin American affairs.

• The US. sought greater cooperation with Latin American governments to help fight Fascism.

The US. promised to give the Philippine Islands independence, which took place in 1946.

• They were Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin

• They Demanded the unconditional surrender of both Germany & Japan

• The big 3 met in Yalta in 1945.

• They debated what to do with Germany. Soviet troops stayed after the war.

• Spending revived the U.S. economy.

• American industries grew and unemployment plummeted.

• This ends the Great Depression

• Government implemented direct price controls to halt inflation.

• The Office of Public Affairs (OPA) established a nationwide rationing system for consumer goods such as coffee and gasoline.

• 1.6 million African Americans left the south to go to the North and the West (Second Great Migration)

• FDR issued executive order 8802, forbidding discrimination in defense industries, monitored by the Fair Employment Practices Commission.

• Roosevelt did this after A. Philip Randolph led a march on Washington.

• Rosie the Riveter:  Represented the American women working in industrial work.

• Shifted many married women into the workforce.

• In 1942, FDR ordered Japanese Americans on the West Coast to be removed  to relocation centers under Executive order 9060.

• This was because they were seen as potential threats, so they sent Japanese Americans to internment camps: Manzanar, Ca, and other places in the U.S.

• Issues: was it constitutional to intern Japanese-Americans?

• 1944 Korematsu v U.S.: The supreme says that it was constitutional due to it being a wartime necessity.

• FDR ordered the Manhattan project (Making of a weapon powerful enough to end the war, which ended up being the atomic bomb.). 7/16/1945 Trinity test in New Mexico

• Truman ordered the bombing of Hiroshima on 8/6/1945 and Nagasaki on 8/9/1945

• The U.S. was the only one to have the atomic bomb

• To save thousands of American lives.

• To persuade Japan to surrender.

• Ending the war quickly would thwart Soviet involvement

• The use of the atomic bomb would convince the Soviets to be m