Studied by 7 people➢ RBC ➢ Neutrophil ➢ Eosinophil ➢ Basophil ➢ Lymphocytes ➢ Monocytes ➢ Platelets
What are the 7 components of blood?
Purple (best) and green
What color tubes do you use for a CBC?
➢ Plasma ➢ Buffy coat-WBC ➢ RBCs
What are the three parts that anticoagulated whole blood separates into when centrifuged?
Red (best) and tiger/marble
What color tubes do you use for a serum chemistry?
Plasma
the fluid portion of blood which still contains clotting factors
Serum
the fluid portion of blood which remains after the sample is allowed to form a clot
Basophil
Nucleus: elongate to slightly indented Cytoplasm: light purple, few to numerous small, round, purple granules
Eosinophils
Nucleus: very similar to neutrophils but segments are less defined Cytoplasm: faint blue with multiple red to red-orange granules
Monocytes
Largest of all of the WBCs Nucleus: pleomorphic (many shapes) Cytoplasm: abundant bluish-gray cytoplasm, foamy or ground glass appearance often containing multiple small to large vacuoles
Lymphocytes
Nucleus: round or oval and slightly indented Cytoplasm: small amount of light blue cytoplasm
RBC (mammals)
transport oxygen to tissues and remove CO2 and other wastes; cells are biconcave disk shapes, nonnucleated, and pink to salmon to red in color
Platelets
Fragments of the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow Cytoplasm: light blue with multiple, fine, pink to purple granules
Monolayer
Area on blood smear that cells are arranged in one layer
Birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish
Which species have nucleated RBCs?
Neutrophils
Which WBC is the most common in domestic species except for in ruminants and rats/mice?
Monocyte
Which WBC is the largest?
Lymphocytes
Which WBC can become a plasma cell and produce antibodies?
A platelet
What is a thrombocyte?
A RBC
What is an erythrocyte?
A WBC
What is a leukocyte?
0.5 ml/kg
If you are collecting blood from an animal for performing a CBC and serum chemistry, how much blood can you safely collect from that patient every 24 hours?
10ml/kg or 10-15% of body weight
How much blood can safely be collected from a blood donor every 6 - 8 weeks without causing health issues?
Rouleaux formation
arrangement of RBCs in columns or stacks like coins
Agglutination
Antibody coats the RBC surface causing clumping
poikilocytosis
variation in cell shape; a general term for the presence of abnormally shaped RBCs when a more specific term does not apply (see following slides for specific abnormal shapes)
Echinocytes
crenated RBCs
Acanthocytes
"burr cells" or "spur cells"
Codocytes:
target cells Contains a thicker, darker staining center surrounded by a lighter staining area and a darker periphery
Knizocytes
bar cells Darker staining central area which extends across the cell with a pale area on either side
Stomatocytes
Elongated, often curved, central pale area often resembling a mouth or a smiley face
Spherocytes
thickened or rounded, smaller (microcytic), and darker staining ("hyperchromic") RBCs
Schistocyte/Schizocyte
irregular RBC fragment due to mechanical damage to the cell membrane
Keratocyte
"helmet cell"; a RBC with a portion removed
Dacryocyte
teardrop shaped RBC
Drepanocyte
sickle cell Elongated, thread-like cell
Nucleated RBCs
Appear similar to small lymphocytes BUT the color is more red compared to the bluish - purple color of lymphocytes
Reticulocytes: immature RBCs
Polychromatic (blueish) and macrocytic (larger)
Howell-Jolly Body:
Small retained portion of the nucleus Single, round, and randomly located within the cell
Heinz Body
Small, round to irregular, refractile denatured hemoglobin that is bright and colorless with slightly darkened edges
Basophilic stippling
RBCs contain scattered, small to medium, blue staining dots
Variation in size of RBC (Macrocytes, Normocytic, Microcytes)
What is anisocytosis?
Variation in cell shape
What is poikilocytosis?
RBCs with a faint to obvious blue color- variation in color
What is polychromasia?
RBCs have increased central pallor and less heme (pale in color)
What is hypochromasia?
Rouleaux
arrangement of RBCs in a columns or stacks like coins. Disperse in saline
Agglutination
antibody coats that RBC surface causing clumping. Does not disperse in saline
Howell-Jolly Body, Basophilic stippling
Which RBC inclusions stain well with Diff Quick?
Heinz Body, Reticulocytes
Which RBC inclusions stain well only with New Methylene Blue?
Physical barriers(mucus membranes) , Chemical Barriers (tears), Inflammation
What are the non-specific immune responses
B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes
What are the specific immune responses?
Innate immunity
What is another name for non-specific immune response?
Acquired immunity
What is another name for specific immune response?
▪ Humoral (fluid) response ▪ Cell-mediated response
What are the two categories of specific immune response?
Overall picture of the status of the WBCs in the body
What is the definition of a leukogram?
Normal physiological changes in the leukogram may be caused by
What is a physiologic leukocytosis?
Increased neutrophils and monocytes decreased lymphocytes and eosinophils
What does a pathologic stress leukogram look like?
Increased numbers of WBCs due to a physiological change that is not associated with disease
What does a physiologic stress leukogram look like?
Abnormal change in appearance of neutrophils in circulation
What is toxic change?
Eosinophils
Which WBC plays a role in managing parasitic infections and allergic reactions?
Neutrophils
Which WBC is the first responder in an inflammatory response?
When rapid loss and increased demand for neutrophils leads to increased production by the bone marrow to keep up with demand in the body
What is happening in the leukogram when a 'left shift' is present?
Regenerative
Immature forms are =/< mature adult forms (segmented neutrophils). Bone marrow can meet the needs
Degenerative:
Immature forms > mature adult forms. Bone marrow cannot meet the needs
Monocytes and Macrophages
Which WBC plays a role in both the non-specific and specific immune responses?
Phagocytosis
What is this cell's role in the non-specific immune response?
Antigen presenting cells
What is this cell's role in the specific immune response?
B lymphocytes
Which WBC produces antibodies?
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE
What are the four antibodies commonly found in animals?
IgG
Which antibody is the most found in the blood?
➢ PCV/TS ➢ Blood smear evaluation ➢ Calculations (Total WBC and RBC Counts, Exact Platelet Estimate, RBC Indices)
What are the three components of the CBC
➢ Differential WBC Count ➢ Platelet Estimate ➢ RBC/WBC/Platelet morphology
Which elements of the CBC can you perform using only the blood smear?
100 x oil immersion
What magnification will you use to perform the Differential WBC Count?
100
How many WBCs must you count to complete the Differential WBC Count?
% of each type of total WBCs counted
What are the units for reporting your Differential WBC Counts?
neucleated red blood cell
You perform a Corrected WBC Count when you observe what on the blood smear?
Corrected WBC count = (Total WBC count x 100)/(100 + nRBC count)
What is the formula for calculating the Corrected WBC Count?
WBC/ cu mm
What is the unit of measurement for this value?
Absolute WBC count = % of each WBC type from the Differential WBC Count x Total WBC count (WBCs/cu mm)
What is the formula for calculating the Absolute WBC Count?
name of WBC/ cu mm
What is the unit of measurement for this value?
Primarily located in the hepatocyte (liver) secondary to liver damage or disease.
ALT and SDH
indicator for biliary obstruction
ALP and GGT
Mainly located in the hepatocyte (liver) secondary to liver damage or disease. Also found in RBCs, muscle, kidneys (renal), and pancreas
AST
Yes, it can make it appear elevated
If hemolysis is present, does this affect AST?
Yes, and if CK levels are increased it means muscle damage
If muscle damage is present, does this affect AST?
CK
Which value can you use to determine if muscle damage is present?
AST
Which value is a liver function test?
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
Which values are used to evaluate kidney function?
Amylase/ Lipase
Which values are used to evaluate the pancreas?
Lactate
Which value would be helpful in assessing tissue perfusion?
Decreased numbers of RBCs in circulation
What is an anemia?
-MCV -MCHC -MCH
What are the RBC Indices?
MCV
Which RBC Index tells you about RBC size?
Macrocytic
What term is used to describe a large RBC?
microcytic
What term is used to describe a small RBC?
MCHC
Which RBC Index tells you about hemoglobin concentration?
• hypochromic
What term is used to describe a RBC with decreased hemoglobin?
Reticulocytes are present
If polychromasia is present on the blood smear, how will this affect MCHC?
Increases numbers of RBCs in circulation
What is a polycythemia?
Reticulocyte count
What information should you look for on your CBC to tell you whether an anemia is regenerative or nonregenerative?
New Methylene Blue
If I need to perform a manual reticulocyte count, what is the stain I should use for making the blood smear to perform this count?
Note
Flashcard