Studied by 1 personbro i need this so bad or they kick me out the class
When and where did humans first appear.
Humans first appeared in Africa around 200,000 to 250,000 years ago.
What were the first settlements movements planned around?
game and fish
How long has hunting gathering and fishing sustained humans for?
95% of our time here on earth
What technology did the first early humans begin to create?
stone blades/points, tools made from bones, grindstones
Give an example of first human activity in Africa
the blombos cave in south africa
When and how did most humans go extinct?
When; 70,000 years ago
How: an enormous volcanic eruption caused a cooler and drier climate
When did humans start migrating?
Humans started migrating 100,000-60,000 years ago.
When did humans start migrating to Asia and Europe?
First they traveled to the middle east and then to Asia 70,000 years ago and the to Europe 45,000 years ago
where did they find the first semi-permanent dwellings?
Central Europe, Russia, Ukraine
Where were the Venus figurines found?
Eastern Europe
When did humans migrate to Australia? Where did they come from and how did they get there?
60,000 years ago, Indonesia, and using boats
How many languages were developed in Australia?
250
Describe the idea of Dreamtime
The concept of Dreamtime is a central belief in Australian Aboriginal culture. It refers to a mythical era when ancestral beings created the world and all living things. Dreamtime is seen as a timeless and spiritual realm where past, present, and future coexist. It encompasses creation stories and the interconnectedness of all things. Dreamtime, they can connect with their ancestors, gain wisdom, and understand their place in the world.
Why did it take so long to settle in the Americas?
It took a long time to get to eastern Siberia, which was the jumping off point for the move into the Americas
When and how did migration first occur to the Americas?
30,000 to 15,000 years ago. How: three possibilities: the Bering strait, by sea down the west coast of Africa or by sea from Pacific Polynesia
First widepsread cultural tradition in america? When did it emerge?
Clovis Culture. 13,000 years ago
when and Why did clovis culture disappear? What happened as a result of it?
11,000 years ago. They either hunted all their game or their game went extinct and they did too. Much greater diversity of cultures occurred as people had to find more food sources
When and where was the last great phase of human migration?
the pacific ocean, 3.500 years ago from the Bismarck and Solomon islands near new Guinea and from the islands of the Philippines
When was New Zealand and Easter Island occupied?
1000 to 1200 C.E
How many people did paleolithic societies consist of? Why?
40-60 people. Limited tech could only care for a low population
How and why did these societies move?
Seasonally or nomadic. According to resources of plants and animals
What kind of political structure was there?
None at all
What were these societies? What roles did men and women have?
Hunter gatherers. Men were hunters and Women were gatherers
What does life expectancy look like during paleolithic times?
Low life expectancy
Definition: People believed to be especially skilled at dealing with the spirit world
Term: Shamans
What happened 16,000 to 10,000 years ago? What did this change allow?
The Ice age ended. The warmer climate allowed for plants and animals that struggled before to flourish
After the Ice Age ended what happened?
Human populations grew, some nomadic communities had the possibility to settle down. Agriculture comes onto the scene
How did humans shape the environment?
By setting fires to grow particular plants, some trees are fire-resistant. Human presence also caused the extinction of some species
When did the Neolithic Revolution and the Agricultural revolution start? What are they?
12,000 years ago. Both refer to the deliberate cultivation of particular plants and the taming and breeding of animals.
what did the agricultural revolution do to hunting and gathering?
It replaced it
What areas did the Agricultural Revolution take place in?
fertile crescent, sub-saharan africa, china, southeast asia, new guinea, Mesoamerica, the andes, and north amercia
Why did the shift to agriculture occur?
Better climate, growing human population, species important for food went extinct
Who were most likely the innovators of plant techniques?
Women, as they were gatherers and mostly worked with plants
What did the Americas not have that most places did?
the same animals or crops
How did agriculture techniques spread?
Diffusion (the spread of techniques, plants and animals w/o the spread of actual people) and the migration of agricultural people
what did conflicts with other agricultural groups look like
bigger agricultural groups drove out others and some groups resisted change and kept a hunter-gatherer lifestyle
What things came with the adoption of an agricultural lifestyle?
Human population increases, human dominance over the land/environment, changes in roles, diseases, technological innovation, and the secondary products revolution
Name the characteristics of Pastoral Societies
animal husbandry (using animals for food products ex. milk), nomadic lifestyle, located mainly in central asia the arabian peninsula the sahara, and parts of eastern and western africa, were usually powerful military confederations, had conflicts with agricultural societies, gender equality persists
Name the characteristic of Agricultural Societies
Hoe-based and horticultural farming, gender roles are present but both men and women are equal
Name the characteristics of chiefdoms
positions of power, located mainly in the pacific islands, traced with male lineage, both religious and secular
What are the SPICE themes?
Social, Politics, Interaction, Culture, Economic
What are the subthemes of Social? What is the definition?
: gender, race, class structure, adult/child relations, age relations, treatment of elderly, religion etc.
the way people interact
What are the subthemes of Politics? and the definiton
government, military, war, treaties, alliances, legal code, legal system, courts, law enforcement, etc.
the way people organize themselves
What is the definition of Interaction and it’s subthemes?
the way people affect their natural surroundings and vice versa
disease, migration, demography, agriculture, urbanization, etc.
What is the definition of Culture and it’s subthemes?
the way people live
art, architecture, literature, theater, music, clothing, hairstyles, language, sports, engineering, science, technology, tools, etc.
What is the definition of Economic and it’s subthemes?
the way people place monetary value on things
money system, exchange rates, stock markets, trade (international, regional and local), trade agreements, barter, etc.
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