AP European History - Protestant Reformation and Wars of Religion

first Protestant denominations of Christianity to appear after the split within the Church caused by the Reformation

centralization of power in the Holy Roman Empire

where does the Protestant Reformation begin

how did the Reformation spread across Europe

main cause of the Reformation

most widely criticized examples of church corruption

how the medieval and Renaissance eras influenced the Reformation

Who question the miracle of transubstantiation?

What did Luther discover from Paul’s Letter to the Romans?

sola scriptura

how did Luther attack the hierarchy of the Church?

What drove Luther to nail his Ninety-Five Theses to a church door?

What type of publication did Luther use most?

• salvation by faith alone

• The Bible is the only valid authority not the pope

• “priesthood of all believers,” all are equal in God’s eyes

• all vocations have equal merit

What happened to Luter after the Leipzig Debate?

What happened at the Diet of Worms?

Who gave Luther refuge after he was declared an outlaw?

Why did German princes support Luther?

• peasants in German states lived in poverty

• burdened by heavy taxes/rents and obligations to landowners

• nobles seized village lands

• inspired by Luther’s “priesthood of all believers” message

Who did Luther support in the Peasants’ Revolt?

strengthened German princes, Lutheranism allied with political order of Holy Roman Empire

how did Luther make Scripture more accessible to lay Christians?

Protestant religious/military alliance against Charles V and the Catholic Habsburgs

What agreement ended the German civil wars?

initiated to Swiss Reformation

Where in Christian doctrine did John Calvin break with Luther?

Where did French exile Calvin end up with Protestant exiles?

• Predestination (God planned the universe beginning to end including who’d be saved)

• The Doctrine of the Elect (the elect couldn’t reverse their salvation and wanted to have faith and do good works)

How did Calvin and Luther differ in their views of religion and government?

brought Calvinism to Scotland and established Presbyterianism

As a minority, why were Huguenots considered a threat to French monarchy?

Who kicked off the English Reformation?

What did Elizabeth I pass that made England known as “the middle way”?

What two protestant groups felt Elizabeth I didn’t go far enough with her settlement?

wanted to completely leave Anglican church and start their own church, tried to in Holland but failed, “Pilgrims”

wanted to purify Anglican Church by eliminating remnants of Catholicism, “Puritans”

adult-only baptism, rejected secular agreements, not serve in military or pay taxes (pacifists), viewed as radicals

one of the earliest women Reformation ministers, got drowned and tortured

internal reforms enacted by the Church to address the abuses of the clergy

how to Catholic church “counters” the spread of Protestantism in Europe

book-burning by Catholics to fight Protestantism, banned works by notable authors like Galileo and Erasmus

internal reform within the Church, caused Cardinal Alexander Farnese (Pope Paul III) to reexamine his life after his mistress and children. Rededicated his life to Christ

• clarify Church doctrine

• contain Protestantism

• reform Church practices (simony, selling of indulgences)

• enforce strict moral standards

• reaffirm papal authority

• reinvigorate the religious experience

• create new religious orders

how Pope Paul III attempted to put a halt to the spread of Lutheranism, centerpiece of the Catholic Reformation (reforms to clean up/strengthen the Church)

• transubstantiation

• faith and good works are necessary for salvation

• seven sacraments

• supremacy of the pope

• source of faith is both bible and church traditions

• new forms of intellectual and spiritual training for clergy members

• forbade simony

• forbade the selling of indulgences

• called for the continued use of Latin in all worship services

• reaffirmed the veneration of relics and images as expressions of piety

bedridden with injury, spent 9 months reading devotional books, decided more education was needed to save souls

intellectualism, morality, spirituality

Ignatius’s book that led the Jesuits to being a leading Catholic intellectual force

Jesuit missionaries locations

strong human component to Catholicism, personal writings about her ongoing struggles with conversion, showed Catholic prayer can be used to find a personal relationship with God

educate and train young girls initially to combat heresy in France

• Catholic monarchs seek to make Catholicism their state religion

• Protestants want religious freedom (influences politics)

• often king vs nobles

kings were God’s earthly representatives chosen by him, only God was fit to judge monarchs

7 Northern Provinces after Philip II’s wars in Netherlands (Spanish Netherlands)

Philip II forced Catholicism on the Dutch with the Inquisition

French noble family, militantly Catholic, challenged the House of Valois for the French throne

started with Henry of Navarre after he won the War of the Three Henrys

Henry IV created it to set Catholicism as official French religion but Huguenots could still practice safely

series of religious wars between Catholic League and German Protestant Union, long and bloody (8 million casualities)

tried to violate Peace of Augsburg by trying to lift Protestants’ protections

Ferdinand of Styria violated Peace of Augsburg in Bohemia and sent 2 representatives to negotiate with nobles but the Calvinist nobility threw them out a window, outbreak of Bohemian Phase (Thirty Years’ War)

Swedish Phase, recaptured lost Protestant lands, standing armies modeled after his armies in the modern era

politique, put politics before personal religion, supported Protestant Union despite being Catholic, regent

ended Thirty Years’ War and European religious wars, underscores secularization by ignoring papal representatives, Calvinism now included as acceptable faith, “balance of power” emerged

strongest European power after the Wars of Religion

region with most witchcraft accusations