Female Reproductive System

responsible for production of ova, protection/nutrition of developing offspring

female gonads, held in place by ligaments, contain ovarian follicles

Follicular cells that secrete estrogen surround an oocyte

Ruptured follicular cell after ovulation, secretes progesterone, shrivels if fertilized egg isn't implanted

distal portion open to pelvis w/ fimbriae, interior contains cilia/smooth mm that contracts in peristalsis, location of fertilization/path for ovum to uterus

3 sections: fundus (top), body (main), cervix (bottom), supported by mesometrium/ligaments attaching to pelvic wall and sacrum/pelvic floor mm

endometrium: inner lining w/ bv/mucus where fertilized ovum implants, feeds ovum/sheds during menstruation, myometrium: smooth mm contracts during labor to deliver baby/placenta, perimetrium

upper portion of uterus/fallopian tubes

transport tube, hymen around external opening, acidic in adults/basic in teens

follicular, luteal

menstrual, proliferative, secretory

hypothalamus secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormones causing ant pit to release fsh/lh, fsh causes primary follicle growth/lh causes follicular cells to secrete estrogen, DAY 14: estrogen levels peak/surge of LH/follicle growth stops/ovulation

dominating ovum ruptures from follicle/ovary, body temp drops

corpus luteum forms and produces progesterone, if no implantation corpus luteum shrivels up/disappears, if there is it stays until placenta forms

endometrial vessels constrict/die/shed, 2.5T/day of fluid, prostaglandins cause myometrium to contract (cramps)

endometrium grows from high estrogen levels, cervical mucous thins

endometrium prepares for implantation from high progesterone levels, cervical mucous thickens/nutrients released, progesterone drops at end of phase/endometrial vessels die

1. egg fertilized in fallopian tube to form 46 chromosome zygote, 2. zygote divides to form blastocyst, 3. 4 days after fert fetus gets to uterus/floats for 2-3 days, 4. 7 days after fert fetus implants, 5. chorion forms/secretes hcg

sperm production/delivery of sperm to female

sac of skin holding testes, location allows testes to have lower temp

elevates testes if cold/relaxes if warm

ct sheat enclosing bv/nerves/vas deferens

fibrous capsule covering testes

divided into lobules containing seminiferous tubules surrounded by interstitial cells (produce testosterone)

spermatozoa

where semi tubules join/drain into epididymis

coiled tube on top/back of testis where sperm mature/become motile

epididymis, seminal vesicles (60%), prostate (30%), bulbourethral glands (small amt of mucus)

carries sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct via smooth mm contractions

connect to vas deferens/join to become urethra

carries semen/urine out of body

milky white mixture of sperm/secretions, contains nutrients (fructose/vit C) to give sperm energy, basic ph

starts at puberty/before spermatogonia divide via mitosis to form new spermatogonia

spermatogonia divides via mitosis into 1 spermatogonia/1 spermatocyte, spermatocyte divides 2x via meiosis to yield 4 spermatids (23 chromo), spermatids mature/form tail/leave semi tubules

spermatogonia, spermatocyte, spermatid, spermatozoa

hypothalamus secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormones fsh/lh, fsh makes spermatogenic cells sensitive to t/lh stimulates interstitial cells to secrete t, testosterone stimulates semi tubules to produce sperm/2ndary sex characteristics

delivers sperm to female, shaft ending in enlarged tip (glans penis), loose skin forms cuff at tip called prepuce (foreskin)

contains urethra/3 tissue cylinders, corpus cavernosum: 2 larger upper, corpus spongiosum: smaller lower/contains urethra

parasympathetic response: smooth mm relaxes/cavernosum fills w/ blood/spongiosum fills 10% to keep urethra open, penis becomes rigid to penetrate vagina

sympathetic response: nerve impulses climax causing discharge of nerve impulses that: causes repro ducts/glands to contract/empty contents, internal urethral sphincter contracts, penis mm contract

adipose tissue, lobes containing secretory cells w/in alveoli (arranged like grapes along ductules)

15-20 larger (lactiferous) ducts at nipples

milk production

epi cells in ductules

during pregnancy placenta secretes estro/progesto causing ducts/alveoli to grow/prepare, hormones decrease when placenta sheds/stimulating prolactin secretion, prolactin stimulates milk production, suckling stimulates oxytocin release causing ejection of milk from lobes/nip pores

ejection of milk from nipples, causes uterus to return to normal size

precursor to milk, yellowish substance high in iga antibodies