Chemistry Exam 2

the capacity to do work

is movement against force (w= fxd)

is energy that flows from a hotter to colder object

heat

determines that direction of heat flow and is a measure of the average speed of that motion

the energy that is needed to start a reaction

each of two or more compounds with the same formula but a different arrangement of atoms in the molecule and different properties

the energy of the universe is instant, or, energy can neither be created nor destroyed; but it can be converted from one form to another

is energy due to position or composition

energy due to movement

the entropy (chaos) of the universe is increasing

accounting for an individual or each person

1. china

2. US

3. India

4. Russian Federation

5. Japan

6. Germany

the amount of energy that must be absorbed to break a chemical bond

release of energy via exothermic reaction

energy is absorbed by bonds via endothermic reaction

energy is released during the course of a chemical reaction

• Heat/energy is released

• net energy change is negative

• reactants have more potential energy than products

energy is absorbed during the course of a chemical reaction

• heat/ energy is absorbed

• net energy change is positive

• products have more potential energy than reactants

requires a higher activation energy

requires lower activation energy

Hydrocarbon + O2 = CO2 = H2O

EX: CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 +2H2O + energy

120

180

104.5

107

109.5

Infrared radiation

gases capable of absorbing and emitting IR radiation thereby warming the atmosphere

• water vapor

• methane

• carbon dioxide

• nitrous oxide

• ozone

• chlorofluorocarbons

Atmospheric gases trap and return a major portion of this heat radiating from the earth through this natural and necessary process. Without this process the Earth would freeze over and be uninhabitable. As the number of atmospheric GHGs increases this process is accelerated causing the Earth's surface temperatures to rise.

man made activities that rely on processes that put more carbon atoms into the atmosphere rather than those that remove them; ex: cutting down rainforests, combustion

• 3 or more atoms

• the molecular geometry

• ability to bend and stretch with exposure to the infrared radiation ( without breaking apart )

metal bonded with nonmetal

two or more atoms covalently bonded together that have an overall positive or negative charge

natural additional and removal mechanisms

Respiration

photosynthesis

atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but differ in number of neutrons, therefore they have different atomic masses

(mass of isotope)(decimal of %) + (mass of isotope)(decimal of %) = Avg. atomic mass

answer should be very similar to atomic weight

Cl35 and Cl37

(35)(.7587) + (37) (.242) = 35.51