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atom
the smallest particle of an element that still has the characteristics of that element
octet value
1st shell: 2 electrongs
2nd shell: 8 electrons
3rd shell: 8 electrons
weak bonds
hydrogen bonds
hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions
van der waals forces
ionic bonds
covalent bonds
are strong bonds
sharing of electrons
polar covalent bonds
uneven sharing of electrons by 2 atoms
water is a polar covalently bonded molecule
nonpolar covalent bonds
even sharing of electrons
isotopes
atoms of the same element but have a different number of neutrons
electronegativity
tendency of an atom to attract electrons to a molecule
cohesion
molecules of the same substance that have an attraction
adhesion
molecules of a different substance that have an attraction
solvents…
dissolve solutes creating solutions
hydrophobic
water fearing
nonpolar
hydrophilic
water loving
polar
pH
hydrogen ion concentration
amphiphatic
molecules with hydrophilic and hydrophobic tails
phospholipids
hydrocarbons
large chains of carbon and hydrogen molecules; nonpolar
isomers
compounds with the same structural formula but different arrangement
functional groups
give organic molecules distinct properties
hydroxyl
OH
base
carboxyl
COOH
carboxylic acid
acid
amino
NH2
base
sulfhydryl
SH
stabalize structure of proteins
phosphate
PO4
carbonyl
C=O
macromolecules
smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules
carbs lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
monomers
building blocks for macromolecules
polymers
long molecules by linking monomers
dehydration synthesis
joins monomers by removing H2O
removal of water
hydrolysis/digestion
use H2O to break polymers
addition of water
steroids
4 fused C rings + functional group
carbohydrates: composition
CHO
carbohydrates: functional group
OH (hydroxyl)
carbohydrates: functions
energy
carbohydrates: monomer
monosaccharides
carbohydrates: polymer
polysaccharides
carbohydrates: disaccharides
2 sugar
EX: sucrose
lipids: composition
CHO
lipids: functional group
COOH (carboxyl)
lipids: functions
energy storage
saturated fats
single bonds, long straight chain, animal fats, solid at room temp
unsaturated fats
C=C
plant and fish fats, vegetable oils, liquid at room temperature,
lipids groups
triglycerides (fats, saturated, unsaturated), phospholipids, steroids (cholesterol, sex hormones
phospholipids
glycerol + 2 fatty acids +PO4
phospholipid tails
hydrophobic
nonpolar
phospholipid heads
hydrophilic
polar
nucleic acids: composition
CHONP
nucleic acids: functional groups
PO4 (phosphate)
nucleic acids: function
genetic material, stores info
nucleic acids: monomer
nucleotides
nucleic acids: polymer
nucleic acid
proteins: composition
CHON
proteins: functional groups
NH2 (amino)
COOH (carboxyl)
R group
proteins: function
enzymes, structure, signals, defense, movement, storage, carriers and transport, cell communication
proteins: monomer
amino acids
proteins: polymer
polypeptide
R group
side chain
peptide bonds
covalent bonds between NH2 of one amino acid and COOH of another
primary 1 degree structure
order of amino acids in chain
secondary 2 degree structure
formation of alpha helix and beta pleated
R groups
tertiary 3 degree structure
a single chain or polypeptide, multiple secondary structure
quaternary structure 4 degree
more than one polypeptide chain bonded together
this is when a protein becomes functional
protein denaturation
protein change shape due to temp, pH, etc
Note
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