History Final 2023 (finished!!)

Cyrus the Great

Persian ruler and conquerer

Favorable treatment for favorable treatment in return

Strategy used by Cyrus the Great

left local leaders in power; allowed for religious freedom; Freed captive Jews and allowed them to return to Israel

Examples of Cyrus’s strategy

dependency and trust in public; seen as a “weak” leader

downsides to Cyrus’s strategy

Brings Persian empire to greatest size; organizes land into provinces (appoints own governors) ; royal road construction

Darius’s accomplishments

fear-based traditional ruling

strategy used by Darius

Royal Road

a road in Persia used to transport items and news

Zoroastrianism

Persian religion; good vs evil; good will ultimately prevail

Tax dispute leads to war between Persia & Greek city-states

Why the Persian empire declined

mountains and water separating areas

geographical reasons for independent city-states

agora

name for a public meeting place in Greece

acropolis

word meaning “built on a hill”

barbarians

non-greek speakers

Hoplites

non-aristocratic warriors that are highly skilled in combat

tyrant

someone who seized power in defiance of law, but ruled with the people’s support

popular government

government ruled by the people in Greece

democracy

later government given rise by popular government

Athens aids rebellious Greek city-states

Why Darius attacks Athens

The Persian Wars

500 BC-479 BC; Persia conquering Greece

Athens; they knew their land

who won the Battle of Marathon and why?

cold war

10 years of tense peace

invade Greece from north with 100,000 men

What Xerxes does after 10 years of cold war

Battle of Thermopylae

2nd Battle during Persian war; during the Greek festivals

King Leonidas

most famous military king in Spartan history; at the Battle of Thermopylae

narrow mountain pass

battle site of Battle of Thermopylae

moral victory

losing but accomplishing said goal

Themistocles

this Athenian leader sent a fake traitor to the Persians

Delian League

alliance of 140 Greek city-states

The Athenian Contradiction

Athens unfairly ruling the Delian League

Peloponnesian War

Greek civil war; Athens vs Sparta

Battle of Salamis Strait

fake traitor alerts Persia of Greek position; last major battle

Alexander the Great

son of Philip II; raised Greek; never lost a battle

drinking contaminated water

how Alexander the Great died

Hellenistic Age

the time between Alexander & the rise of the Roman Empire

largely responsible for the spread of Greek culture

importance of Alexander the Great

Hellenism

Alexander’s empire caused the spread of this; Greek-culture related

Darius

persian ruler at start of the Persian wars

xerxes

persian leader at end of Persian wars

polis

greek term for city-state

Zoroaster

Persian prophet; Greek name

aristocracy

government ruled by nobles

education; battle

Athens valued __ while Sparta valued__

Language, founders of Rome

Latin influence on Rome

Religion, Architecture, Government

Greek influence on Rome

art style, road building techniques, alphabet

Etruscan influence on Rome

Consul

1 year terms, commander in chief, veto power over other one, appoint dictators

Censor

18-month terms, 2 people, census takers, supervise moral conduct

Consuls, censors, aediles, quaestors

roles that are in the executive branch

Aedile

public works, public entertainment, Julius Caesar’s first job, 4 in total

Quaestor

treasurers, 20 in total

Senate, Popular assemblies, Tribunes

roles that are in the legislative branch

Senate

300 members, composed of patricians, controlled public funds, controlled foreign policy, appoint dictators

Popular Assemblies

several different assemblies, composed largely of plebeians, passed laws, declared war/peace, elected tribunes

Plebeians

non-aristocrats

Tribune

10 elected by popular assemblies, veto power over senate and officials, most targeted

just Praetors

roles in Judicial branch(that we covered)

Praetor

similar to lawyers, different roles between wartime and peace

commanded armies

what praetors did during war

oversaw legal system, interpreted legal questions and rulings

what praetors did during peace

Dictator

one person with all the power, 6-month terms in emergency, given full military and judicial power, appointed by senate or consuls

Decisions will be decided quickly in times of need

Why were dictators appointed?

Dictators would change term length and overthrow the people

Why were dictators dangerous?

Checks and balances

the separation of power between groups or people

Patricians

aristocrats (nobles); controlled gov & legal system

Plebeians not knowing the laws

biggest problem for the plebeians in the Republic

The Twelve Tables

the Roman law being displayed for the first time

veto

word meaning “I forbid”

The Punic Wars

3 major periods of war, not constant fighting

Carthage

ancient city that went to war with Rome during the Punic Wars

Hannibal Barca

Carthaginian general in 2nd Punic war, never loses a battle in Italy

Scipio

2nd Punic war general

murder of the Gracchi brothers

political turning point of Rome

Julius Caesar

a Roman general and politician who named himself dictator of the Roman Empire

Pompey, Crassus, Caesar

First Triumvirate

Pompey

First Triumvirate member that Caesar killed

Antony, Octavian, Marcus Lepidus

Second Triumvirate

Augustus Caesar

First emperor of Rome

Caligula, Nero

“Bad emperors” of Rome

Trajan

good emperor that took Rome to its greatest size

Hadrian

good emperor that built wall around land

Marcus Aurelius

good emperor who was a philosopher/writer; stoicism

Pax Romana

Roman peace; time of order and stability in Rome

Succession right was never clearly defined

Succession problem in Rome

Diocletian

emperor that divides empire into eastern + western hemispheres, each with co-emperor

Constantine

Emperor that move capital to Constantinople and decriminalized Christianity

Rome is conquered by several Germanic tribes

Fall of Rome

Era of the Warring States

time of internal and external problems in China

Qin Shi Huangdi

First emperor of China, brutal and narcissistic, standardized China

Terracotta army

a collection of terracotta sculptures depicting the armies of Shi Huangdi in his tomb

Great Wall

project issued by Shi Huangdi; became iconic to China

Liu Bang

led revolt that put end to Qin Dynasty, first Han emperor

Wu Di

most famous Han Emperor; ruled during Pax Sinica

Pax Sinica

time of peace and stability in China

Civil Service System

skill-based government based upon an exam; chance for social mobility

education

the Civil Service system brought the value of ___ into Chinese culture

Silk Road

7,000 mile trade route that spread all over Asia and Rome

Confucius

philosopher that taught about filial piety and 5 relationships

the Analects

a compilation of teachings made by Confucius

filial piety

kids dedicate devotion to parents

ruler-subject, father-son, sibling-sibling, husband-wife, neighbor-neighbor

five relationships