Chapter 3: Senses and Perception

________ are detected by sensory neurons in a small patch of mucus membrane on the roof of the nose.

The muscled ring around the eye that controls the size of the pupil.

________ and sensory components constitute a mosaic of activity leading to pain.

The area in the retina around the fovea critical for reading and driving.

Signals are sent via the _____ _____ to parts of the brain that process images and allow us to see.

________ is focused on distinguishing chemicals that have sweet, salty, sour, bitter, or umami (savory) ________.

A rounded structure that contains neurons receiving information about odors detected by sensory neurons on the roof of the nose.

Photoreceptors that need a bright enough light but give acute details and convey color.

Photoreceptors that are extremely sensitive to light & allow us to see in dim light but do not convey color.

Perception of movement, depth, perspective, ________ and movement, shading, and gradations in texture primarily depend on contrasts in light intensity rather than color.

The ________ is specialized for speech.

Hearing allows for ________ and information for survival.

The three bones in the middle ear (malleus, incus, stapes) that amplifies the vibrations produced by the eardrum.

The sense by which we determine the characteristics of objects (size, shape, texture)

They suppress pain by inhibiting the transmission of pain signals from the dorsal horn of the ________ to higher brain areas.

Neurologists measure sensitivity by determining the _________ _________.

Chemicals that enhance the sensitivity of receptors to tissue damage and induces more pain.

The thin tissue that produces and sends sound vibrations to the middle ear.

When stimulated, ________ send impulses along the cranial nerves to taste regions in brain to the thalamus.

________ pass from the optic nerve to the optic chiasm.

________ are found on the tongue, the back of the mouth, and on the palate.

The part of the brain that analyzes auditory information.

________ relayed to several brain structures including the thalamus and cerebral cortex.

Triggering of the pain response from stimuli which doesn't usually provoke pain.

Vision involves around __ % of the human brain.

The ________ makes the ossicles vibrate and amplify its vibration.

________ starts by comparing the amount of light striking any tiny region of the retina with the amount of surrounding light.

Sensory fibers that respond to tissue-damaging stimuli and cause pain.

________ and cerebral cortex involved in making the pain /itch message into a conscious experience.

________ convert mechanical vibration to electrical signals and excite the auditory nerve.

________ releases many different chemicals at the site of damage or inflammation.

The snail-shaped organ in the inner ear that converts mechanical vibrations from the eardrum and ossicles to electrical signals to be sent to the brain.

A term referring to the fact that the body is represented in an orderly fashion based on sensory requirements at different levels of the nervous system.

The area of the retina where the light is focused.

The third layer of retina is made of ganglia that make up the ________.

Neurons that are specialized to turn light into electrical signals.

The collective name for the visible portion of the ear (pinna) and the auditory canal.

The distance between 2 points of skin in order for the person to distinguish 2 stimuli from one.

________ are fed into at least 3 processing systems.

________ can act on more than 1 receptor but to varying degrees.

________ work in combination to convey information about all visible colors.

________ are detected by taste buds.

The ________ sends it to a specific area of cerebral cortex which makes us conscious of taste.

The ________ passes information about touch to the thalamus and to the sensory cortex.

________ are topped with stereocilia that are deflected by the overlying tectorial membrane.

________ stimulate receptors and initiate a neural response.

________ are embedded in papillae.

A sheet of photoreceptors in the back of the eye.

A hole in the eye that allows light to enter.

Vision that utilizes two eyes

The X-shaped structure formed at the point below the brain where the two optic nerves cross over each other

rods and cones

Red, green, and blue

Rods and cones

interneurons that relay information

Ganglia that make up the optic nerve

The region of visual space providing an input to the neuron

A condition where the eyes are not properly aligned

The membrane containing cells called hair cells that react to different frequencies or pitches

One of the 12 cranial nerves that is responsible for carrying auditory information from the cochlea to the brain

The chemicals present in foods that give them flavor

The sensory organs responsible for obtaining information about taste

the cornea is several hundreds of times more sensitive to painful stimuli than the soles of feet

endogenous opioids or endorphins