Biology Semester Exam Review

Nucleus surrounded by membrane; Membrane bound Nucleus. Multicellular

Unicellular; No nucleus

pH below 7

pH 7.1-14

the chemical reactions in the body's cells that change food into energy

Production of glucose using raw materials; creates molecules the body needs for functionality and it uses energy in the process

breaks down complex molecules and releases energy which is available for the body to use

unit of length

a self-regulating process by which biological systems maintain stability while adjusting to changing external conditions

Object that needs dissolving

liquid(usually water) that dissolves the solute

a microscope that stays approximately in focus when the magnification is changed; Lense power goes from 10x to 40x to 100x.

mutation making organism better adapted

stays in suspension

one that has absorbed all the solute it can

made up of the parts of Earth where life exists

A group of species living together and interacting through ecological processes

A system that includes all living organisms (biotic factors) in an area as well as its physical environment (abiotic factors)

A group of individuals of the same species

Tendency of water to cling to another surface

Tendency of water to cling to other water molecules

interaction involving a hydrogen atom located between a pair of other atoms having a high affinity for electrons; A bond formed between two atoms with a difference in electronegativities by sharing electrons

Every living organism has this in them

taking in or absorbing energy

Give of energy

particles move from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached

The diffusion of water through a cell's membrane

A form of passive transport in which molecules pass through a protein channel to enter a cell.

The process by which a cell takes in large amounts of material through the enfolding of its membrane

A type of endocytosis, one in which a cell takes in large amounts of liquid

A type of endocytosis, one in which a cell takes in large amounts of food or an energy source

high solute (Shrinks in size)

high solvent (grows in size, bursting)

When the concentration of solute within a solution / cell is equal to its counterpart

The process by which a cell expels waste or unwanted material through its membrane

used as a surrogate cell membrane for a visual demonstration of osmosis and diffusion

When a plants stem gets full of water and becomes rigid and straight

loss of water

CO2 and H20

Glucose (Carbohydrate) and Oxygen

needs oxygen, Cellular Respiration

no oxygen, Glycolysis, Lactic Acid builds up

location where Photosynthesis occurs

Where the Dark Reaction occurs

Process of separating pigments

Producers to Consumers

Water Molecules

CO2 in the air

energy that drives the metabolism process

ATP

Waxy coating that helps to prevent water loss from leaves

carry water and minerals from the roots to the leaves

Carry food from the leaf to other parts of the plant

a circular pore with a hole in the middle for gas to enter or leave the plant

These regulate the opening and closing of the stomata

S Phase of the cell cycle

Chromatin; needs to be uncoiled

18 Chromosomes

G1, 2, G2; Longest Phase of the Cell Cycle

1. Contents of cell are visible

2. Replicated chromosomes completely condense

3. Nucleolus dissolves. Nuclear Envelope dissolves

4. Centrioles begin journey apart of opposite ends to poles.

5. Aster fibers and spindle fibers form between centrioles. This gives something for the sister chromatids to cling.

6. Longest Phase of Mitosis

1. Sister Chromatids are tugged back and forth

2. Sister Chromatids line up at the equator

1. Sister Chromatids separate

2. These are now known as chromosomes

3. New chromosomes move to opposite sides of cell to poles

1. Aster and spindle fibers dissolve

2. Cell shape changes to a more oval shape

3. Centrioles dissolve

4. Cleavage furrow begins to deepen this continues

5. Nuclear Envelopes reform about each new nucleus. Nucleolus reforms

6. Centrioles reform outside nucleus

In plants, a cell plate is formed, whereas in animals a cleavage is formed.

4 haploid sperm

one of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell division

the part of a chromosome that links sister chromatids

large protein assemblies that connect chromosomes to microtubules of the mitotic and meiotic spindles in order to distribute the replicated genome from a mother cell to its daughters

uncoiled DNA

the structure that pulls the chromatids to opposite ends of the cell during the cell division processes of mitosis and meiosis

the creation of larger molecules from smaller monomers where a water molecule is released

A chemical process of decomposition involving the splitting of a bond by the addition of water

4 calories per gram; an organic compound such as sugar or starch, and is used to store energy

9 calories per gram. Made of Glycerol and fatty acids

a type of fat in which the fatty acid chains have all single bonds; found in animals, and is solid at room temperature

found in plants, and is liquid at room temperature

made of amino acids

Monosaccharides are comprised of a single simple sugar unit, glucose, fructose, or galactose, and they cannot be broken down into simple sugar units

Starch, cellulose, and glycogen; A large carbohydrate molecule

Enzymes in all cells, breaks down Hydrogen Peroxide

Enzymes in saliva (Digestion begins in Mouth)

membrane-bound cell organelles that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions

an intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein, and it is the site of protein synthesis in the cell

small, membrane-enclosed organelles

plant cell organelles that convert light energy into relatively stable chemical energy via the photosynthetic process

the transportation system of the eukaryotic cell, and has many other important functions such as protein folding; a network of membranes inside a cell through which proteins and other molecules move

responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations

membrane surrounding tonoplast; an organelle in cells which functions to hold various solutions or materials

life span = 120 days

a minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division.

Glycogen; Polysaccharides

Monosaccharides and positive color change is orange

Proteins and positive color change is lavender

Polysaccharides and positive color change is dark blue or dark purple