Studied by 13 peoplePsychology
Biological Psychology
biopsychology
Applied psychology
Lesions
Stimulation
techniques to study the brain
Prefrontal lobotomy
rontal lobe
Henry Molaison (HM)
hippocampus
Wada test
VMH: Satiation Center
LH: Hunger Center
stimulation
nervous system
central nervous system (CNS)
somatic: skeletal
Parasympathetic
Neurons
Axons
Dendrites
myelin sheath
myelination
Nodes of Ranvier
action potential
Intercellular fluid
Extracellular fluid
semi-permeable membrane
proteins
resting potential
odium-potassium pump
Nerve impulses
Depolarization
Hyperpolarization
repolarization
threshold
AP
neurotransmitters
Refractory period
absolute refractory period
relative refractory period
grade potential
glial cells
Saltatory conduction
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
reflex arc
synapse
synaptic cleft
pre-synaptic neuron
post-synaptic neuron
synaptic knob
Synaptic button
End bulb
Terminal bouton
pre-synaptic membrane
post-synaptic membrane
Synaptic vesicles
Depression
GABA
GAS
General Adaptation Syndrome
acute stress
psychosomatic disorders
stress response
Adrenaline
epinephrine
Glucocorticoids
effects of stress
Telomerase
Fight or Flight
chronic stress
anxiety
Cortisol
Psychoneuroimmunology
White blood cells
type A personality
University/Undergrad
A set made to help study for Psyc two's test one
The study of the relationship between behavior, mental processes, and biological factors such as the nervous system, biochemistry, hormones, and genetics.
What is biopsychology?
Senses and perception
Cognitive
Learning
Developmental
Abnormal
Biopsychology is crucial because it is the foundation of other disciplines in psychology including what?
Applied psychology
Biopsychology is more effective in what?
Allowing us to differentiate between science and pseudoscience.
It helps us combat charlatans and quack remedies for the brain.
Helps us dispel myths about the brain.
In what ways does biopsychology prove to be essential?
Lesions
Stimulation
Recording/ Scans/ Imaging
What are thee techniques to study the brain?
Lesions the connections between the frontal lobes and the rest of the brain.
The Prefrontal lobotomy
The Prefrontal lobotomy
Considered one of the most unethical treatments and was used to “help” people with agitation, depression and schizophrenia.
20’s
The frontal lobes are not fully developed until a person is in their (Blank).
The Case of Henry Molaison (HM)
A famous case involving the hippocampus.
Forming memories and the transfer of information from short-term memory to long-term memory.
The hippocampus is vital for what?
The Wada test.
What is an example of temporary lesioning?
Pleasure Centers
Hypothalamus
VMH: Satiation Center
LH: Hunger Center
Where does stimulation occur?
That they are satiated/full.
The hypothalamus VMH would tell a rat what?
That they are hungry.
The hypothalamus LH Would tell a rat what?
Part A | Central nervous system (CNS)
Part B | Peripheral nervous system
The nervous system is split into two parts, what are they?
The brain & spinal cord.
What is part of the central nervous system (CNS)?
The somatic: skeletal & sensory and the autonomic: sympathetic & parasympathetic.
What is part of the peripheral nervous system?
True.
The sympathetic prepares for an emergency, braces for an attack, and then triggers multiple physiological responses.
Returns the body to a relaxed state.
The Parasympathetic.
Receive and transmit signals/information.
Neurons
The Axon and Dendrites.
The structure of the neuron includes what?
Part of the neuron that carries information away from the cell body and toward other cells.
Axons
False, axons don’t have much branching and are myelinated.
Axons have lots of branching and are not myelinated.
Part of the neuron that receives information and brings the received data to the cell body.
Dendrites
True.
Dendrites have numerous branches and no myelination.
True.
Neurons that are larger in diameter fire faster.
False, the myelin sheath/myelination increases firing.
The myelin sheath/myelination slows down firing.
A layer of fat cells that encases and insulates many axons and speeds up nerve impulses.
The myelin sheath/myelination.
Gaps of space between the myelin.
Nodes of Ranvier
The diameter of an axon
Myelin sheath/myelination
The interaction between the axon and the myelination/myelin sheath
What factors affect the speed of action potential?
Sodium (Na +)
Chloride (Cl - )
Potassium (K +)
Large proteins (A-)
The activity inside neurons involves the movement of which four ions?
Intercellular fluid.
What does the interior of a neuron contain?
Extracellular fluid.
What does the exterior of a neuron contain?
A filter allowing the passage of some ions and preventing the passage of others.
The semi-permeable membrane acts like what?
During the resting state of the neuron, positively charged potassium ions (K+) are actively moved to the interior of the neuron while positively charged sodium ions (Na+) and negatively charged chloride ions (Cl-) are moved to the exterior of the neuron.
During the resting state of the neuron (Blank) is actively moved to the interior of the neuron while (Blank) and (Blank) are moved to the exterior of the neuron.
True.
Large proteins (A-) are part of the cell membrane and don’t move across it.
When the inside of a neuron has a negative charge compared with the outside.
What is membrane potential?
-70mV.
During resting potential, what is the difference between the inside and outside of the neuron when its not actively sending a signal?
Diffusion/concentration gradient and electrostatic force.
What are the forces that maintain resting potential?
That there is an uneven distribution of ions in both the intracellular and extracellular parts of the neuron.
What does resting potential mean?
The sodium-potassium pump, pumps in K+ and pumps out Na+.
What does the sodium-potassium pump, pump in and out?
The sodium-potassium pump.
What maintains a polarized state and keeping equilibrium from forming?
Nerve impulses.
If there wasn’t a maintained polarized state, what would we not get?
We stop receiving nerve impulses.
What happens when a poisoning of the sodium-potassium pump occurs?
When Na+ enters the neuron causing a less negative charge which makes the neuron more likely to reach threshold and fire.
Depolarization is when what occurs?
A state that is more negative than the normal resting state making the neuron less likely to fire.
Hyperpolarization is what?
The return of a neurons normal resting state.
What is repolarization?
The hillock.
Where does the threshold of a neuron occur?
Action potential will be reached.
If dendrites have sufficient Na+ moving in to acheive -55mV at the axon hillock, what will happen?
-55mV
What is the most common threshold for a neuron?
False, different neurons have different thresholds but -55mV is the most common threshold.
All neurons have the same thresholds.
Inside the axon.
Action potential (AP) occurs where?
True.
Action potential (AP) propagates down the axon and follows a domino like effect.
True.
Non-decremental does not decrease in intensity and continues to move down the axon meaning the same amount of Na+ that is moving in, is the same as it moves out.
False, when action potential (AP) gets to the terminal buttons, it does cause neurotransmitters to be released into the cleft.
When action potential (AP) gets to the terminal buttons, it does not cause neurotransmitters to be released into the cleft.
Receptor sites on the postsynaptic membrane.
Where do neurotransmitters plug into?
EPSP: Excitatory postsynaptic potential
IPSP: Inhibitory postsynaptic potential
When neurotransmitters plug into the receptor sites on the postsynaptic membrane one of two things can occur, what are those two possibilities?
A duration of time when the neuron cannot fire.
Refractory period
Absolute refractory period and Relative refractory period.
There are two types of refractory periods, what are they called?
True.
The absolute refractory period doesn’t fire no matter how strong the stimulus is.
False, The relative refractory period although takes more than normal stimulation to achieve action potential can fire.
The relative refractory period cannot fire no matter how strong of a stimulus it gets.
Is a 1-2 milliseconds duration of an action potential when another action potential cannot be produced
The absolute refractory period.
Is the short time when the neuron membrane is hyperpolarized (more negative than resting potential).
The relative refractory period
Whether there will be enough activity at the axon hillock to reach the threshold & fire neurons.
What does grade potential affect?
Provide nutrients
Create myelin
Remove dead neurons
Repair
Protect blood-brain barrier
What are some functions of glial cells?
True
Whether there is enough activity to reach threshold is determined by the additive effects of the messages called “Summation.”
When action potential jumps from node to node traveling down an axon.
Saltatory conduction
Saltatory conduction
Serves as a means of increasing the rate of propagation of an action potential.
Is the degeneration of the myelin sheath.
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Classified as an autoimmune disease and more common in women than men, it causes weakness of limbs and difficulty walking. Standing, fatigue as well as tingling pain.
Sensory/Afferent
Motor/Efferent
Interneuron/Association
The neurons of the reflex arc include what?
Reflex Arc
It is an involuntary response that occurs at the level of the spinal cord.
A gap/space between the neuron and serves as a functional contact between the nurons
The synapse.
False, Most neurons do not touch each other.
Most neurons touch each other.
The name given to the gap of space between the pre-synaptic cell and the post-synaptic cell.
The synaptic cleft.
A neuron, before the synapse sends a message(s).
The pre-synaptic neuron.
Neurons after the synapse receive a message(s).
The post-synaptic neuron
The branching at the end of the axon.
The telodendria/axonal branching/terminal branches
The enlarged area at the end of the branching.
The synaptic knob/ Synaptic button/ End bulb/ Terminal bouton
The Membrane before the synapse.
The pre-synaptic membrane
The membrane after the synapse.
The post-synaptic membrane
Fluid-filled structures that hold and release transmitters.
Synaptic vesicles.
Too little serotonin.
Depression can occur for a multitude of reasons; one reason is what?
A chemical substance that transmits information across the synaptic gap to the next neuron
Neurotransmitters
The main inhibitory transmitter
GABA
General Adaptation Syndrome
GAS is short for what?
Three, The alarm stage, The resistance stage and the exhaustion stage.
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) happens in how many stages?
Stage one of GAS, the alarm stage.
This is the initial reaction to stress and is associated with acute stress.
Stage two of GAS, the resistance stage.
Is associated with chronic stress and if continued will lead to the development of psychosomatic disorders.
Stage three of GAS, the exhaustion stage.
Is the result of long-term continuous stress that leads to a breakdown in internal organs and the compromisation of the immune system.
Adrenaline (epinephrine) and Glucocorticoids.
The workhorses/backbones of the stress response.
Glucocorticoids.
A less-known hormone that comes out of the adrenal gland along with adrenaline.
Adrenaline and glucocorticoids.
Critical for survival.
Cause weight gain.
Unravel chromosomes.
Kill brain cells.
The effects of stress can do what?
Telomerase
Is an enzyme that can repair damage done to chromosomes.
The sympathetic nervous system (Fight or Flight).
It stimulates adrenals to release hormones, specifically cortisol.
Prepares the body for fight or flight.
The sympathetic system does what?
Reduces activity and conserves as well as restores energy.
The parasympathetic system does what?
Psychosomatic disorders.
Is caused by chronic stress, anxiety, and worry.
The sympathetic system is at work.
The stress hormones adrenaline, glucocorticoids, and cortisol has been released.
Note
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