biol 150

History of evolution, shows that all species are equidistant from a common ancestor with extant species at tips

No extinction or branching of lineages

small and useless traits that are fully developed in another related organism

similarity between species due to shared ancestor, BINARY

many organisms have similar structures because of ancestor (horses and bats have same arm structure)

similarity of cells and other fundamental processes intrinsic to function

features that appear similar but evolved separately due to being widely beneficial (convergent evolution)

social structure of organisms, like bees

closer more related

differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to phenotype fitness

variation must exist, some elements must be heritable, more individuals will be born than survive, survival and reproduction are not random

Location of a gene on a chromosome

Different forms of a gene

viability, sexual selection, fecundity

disprove to provide evidence for actual hypothesis

mating is random, mutations do not occur, population is large, no migrational gene flow, natural selection does not occur

both alleles expressed in hetero phenotype

dominant allele masks recessive

moves one way, changes mean, decreases variance

removes extremes, focuses around mean, reduces variance

reduces middle, favours extremes, increases variance, mean stays same

choose matex that share pheno. trait, increases homozygosity at loci

traits that are not shared, increases heterozygosity

effects all loci, reduced fitness, frequency of rare recessives increases

increases heterozygosity, not evolution

random changes in allele frequency bc of random gamete sampling

Small # start new population therefore less variation and varied frequencies

severe pop. drop, random survival

permanent change in DNA sequence, source of all variation, even bad

movement of individuals (and alleles) in and out of populations

process by which isolated populations diverge and split over time

same lineage, similar phenotypes. some look different and can breed, phenotypic variation.

groups of actually/potentially breeding. hard to test, some organisms not sexual reproducers.

prezygotic, can't even mate. post-zygotic, can't survive/reproduce.

same niche, resources, pressures. can have similar roles, wide range of needs.

genetic similarity and history, smallest monophyletic group. availability of genetic info.

The formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another.

The formation of new species in populations that live in the same geographic area. disruptive, PA

when two populations that have diverged in isolation are reunited geographically

life and organism interactions with each other and environment

ecosystems are not constrained by total resources, only 1 or 2 limiting resources

range of every species is limited by biotic and abiotic conditions

sunlight, CO2 and water into sugar and O2, areas close to poles receive less energy

initial biomass in system, total amount CO2 fixed by photosynthesis per area

standing water systems vs. flowing water systems

super stratified, don't mix epo and hypolimnion, bottom level noxic

PP in lake, too much eutrophic, not enough oligotrophic, meso

species in a region, number of individ. in species in area, weighted number including both

global wind patterns move water according to coriolis, increases productivity

two fitness components in opposition to each other

ability to survive to reproduce

ability to procure mate

number of female gametes produced

A single gene having multiple effects on an individuals phenotype, more kids reduced life

litoral (shallow rooted plants), limnetic (offshore, photosynth), benthic (substrate), photic (regions thatrecieve sunlight), aphotic (no sun)

epilimnion (upper watm, circulates, O2), meta (mid, thermocline), hypo (cold bottom, less O in summer, more soluble but less access)

O2 top, nutrients bottom, 0C 4C, fish die if O2 used

surface warms, O2 sinks, nutrients rise 0 ->4

O2 top, nutrient bottom, 22C 4C, low O2 bc temp

cools, O2 sink, nutrient rise, 22 -> 4

mix fall and spring, shallow dont strat in summer

mix once a year

mix all winter fall and spring, no ice, strat early fall late spring summer

rarely mix

trait increases fitness relative to others without

change in phenotype due to environment

the ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to changes in the environment, same genotype different pheno in diff enviro

relationship between geno, pheno, and environment

The process by which genes influence the kind of environment that an individual experiences.

rare phenotypes are favored by selection

the fitness of a phenotype increases as it becomes more common

species must adapt and evolve to reproduce and to survive against competition

parasite and host adapt together

steady state of internal physical/chemical processes

molecular collision through contact (standing on one leg)

liquid around object (boundary layers)

heat from sun (re-radiation)

Warm-blooded animals that live in cold areas are bigger than those that live in warm areas

mammals living in the cold have shorter faces and limbs than mammals living in warmer areas

equal flow of water in and out of system, residence time when water stays in system

level in food chain, defined by different characteristics

feasting on living tissue of those beneath

energy passed on through decomposition pathway, less than 10% material in terrestrial ecosystems consumed through green pathway

mineralizes dead organic material into inorganic nutrients (bacteria and fungus)

consumes dead matter, does not mineralize back into nutrients

only 10% of consumed energy is used, putting a limit on the amount of trophic levels based on the population of the lowest

100% of toxins ingested stay in the body and are passed on, increasing in tissue over lifetime. more magnified in older organisms due to magnification

steady flow instead of steady state, where a dynamic system returns to specific trajectory when interrupted

ability to remain unchanged when disturbed

rate community can recover after disturbed (inverse relationship with resistance)

going from equator to poles, resistance decreases and resilience increases, niche breadth also increases

dependence of state of system on its history! movement between stable states depends on previous conditions

how do things occur? mechanism: what stimulus were involved? ontogeny: how does it change over time?

why do things occur? adaptive value: how does it increase fitness? phylogeny: what is the evolutionary history?

stimulus response that alters relationship between organism and environment. fundamentally rooted in evolutionary paradigms

inherited or inborn, inflexible, can become learned, automatic response

flexible in response to environment

not innate or born present, change based on individual’s experiences

phenotypic variation between sexes

energy resources and time put into offspring. sperm is cheap. asymmetric potential cause females to invest more so they must make smarter choices