Chapter 7 Bio-Rad

Deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information. It is a long molecule composed of smaller molecules. It is composed of 6 different smaller molecules (Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine, Adenine, Deoxyribose, Phosphate Group).

A single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic messages

sequence of DNA that codes for a polypeptide or RNA molecule

a compound that is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A pyrimidine derivative, it is paired with adenine in double-stranded DNA.

The base that pairs with Guanine with DNA

The base that pairs with Cytosine in DNA

The process in which DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself.

The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape.

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA

The base that pairs with Thymine in DNA

A five-carbon sugar that is a component of DNA

the proccess of copying a section of dna in order to make proteins

process that decodes mRNA to produce a protein strand

An enzyme that connects two fragments of DNA to make a single fragment

Enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule

three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid

a sequence of three nucleotides eg. ATC, that codes for a particular amino acid

A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing

Monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

Hydrogen bonding between particular pyrimidines and purines. Adenine & Thymine. Cytosine & Guanine.

The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape.

A cell characterized by the presence of a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotes can be unicellular (protists) or multicellular (fungi, plants and animals).

An organism whose cells do not have an enclosed nucleus, such as bacteria. Pro NO

Often accompanied by smaller rings of DNA called plasmids

Region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids attach

A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape.

A type of RNA, synthesized from DNA, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein.

A segment of a DNA or RNA molecule containing information coding for a protein or peptide sequence.

A noncoding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene.

A spiral shape constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific hydrogen-bonding structure.

The third level of protein structure; the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain.

The first level of protein structure; the specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain.

The fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits.

Specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents

A condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21

A technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating with special primers, DNA polymerase molecules, and nucleotides.

A process where DNA fragments are separated according to size using electrical charges

The sequence, or order, in which the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T) are arranged in a gene or a DNA fragment, or in an organism's genome.

All the genetic information in an organism; all of an organism's chromosomes.

A revolutionary gene editing technique derived from the immune system of simple prokaryotes.

Regions of repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding between constituents of the backbone (not the side chains).

A point mutation in which a codon that specifies an amino acid is mutated into a codon that specifies a different amino acid.

A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein.

gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed

a change in the base sequence of a gene that results from the loss of one or more base pairs in the DNA

a mutation in which one or more nucleotides are added to a geneinse

In bioinformatics, BLAST (basic local alignment search tool) is an algorithm and program for comparing primary biological sequence information, such as the amino-acid sequences of proteins or the nucleotides of DNA and/or RNA sequences

application of mathematics and computer science to store, retrieve, and analyze biological data

An international database that archives the data describing the three-dimensional structure of nearly all macromolecules for which structures have been published.

A preparation that prevents a person from contracting a specific disease

A physical process used to determine what type of substances have been mixed together

relies on porous beads; larger molecules elute first because they are not trapped in small pores

fear

DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources

differentiates between protein fractions

an attraction to

part of a whole

positively charged ions

negative ion

remove (an adsorbed substance) by washing with a solvent, especially in chromatography.

NCBI database of sequences

Unique identifier used in NCBI database

An agency established in 1988 as a national (US) resource for molecular biology information. NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information to better understand molecular processes affecting human health and disease.

compound that prevents sharp, sudden changes in pH

Measure with color test

to test, analyze

DNA -> RNA -> Protein