AP Biology - Unit 6: Gene Expression and Biotechnology (overview)

DNA-transcription-RNA-translation-protein-phenotypes

enzyme that makes mRNA

messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome

done before mRNA can leave nucleus, includes removing introns, keeping exons (done by splicosome) and addition of GTP5 cap and poly-A tail

ribosome reads mRNA with EPA (arrival, processing, exit) complex, read in codons (groups of 3)(start = aug end = uaa, uag, uga), tRNA has anti-codons and amino acid that build the primary protien structure

change in a DNA sequence

significant impact

minor impact

induced and spontanius

outside source (radiation, chemicals, infectious agent)

(inside factors(dna copying

silent, missense, nonsense, frameshift

A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not change the amino acid created.

A base-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid.

mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide

A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein.

not considered alive, genetic info wrapped in protein coat

bacteriophage, only affects bacteria, two types: virulent and temperate

bacteriophages that replicate by lytic cycle and kill their host cells by copying DnA until host lyces

Bacteriophage that may enter an inactive phase (lysogenic cycle) in which the host cell replicates and passes on the bacteriophage DNA for generations before the phage becomes active and kills the host (lytic cycle)

affects us, can be single or double stranded, has lipid layer

lysogenic, doesnt mutate much, herpes, poxs

high mutatin, lytic cycle, common cold/covid

use reverse transcriptase to copy their RNA genome into DNA

able to turn on/off, allows or specialized cells,

a group of genes that operate together by a switch

Promoter, Repressor, Operator, Gene

usually off but can be stimulated when a specific molecule interacts with a regulator protein

transcription is usually on but it an be inhibited

few have operon system

tightly regulate, less mutation

body cant regulate genes, tumor