AP World Map test Units 3 and 4

West African kingdom that became strong through its rulers' exploitation of the slave trade.

Name given to the spread of African peoples across the Atlantic via the slave trade.

The most famous emperor of India's Mughal Empire (r. 1556-1605); his policies are noted for their efforts at religious tolerance and inclusion.

Mughal emperor (r. 1658-1707) who reversed his predecessors' policies of religious tolerance and attempted to impose Islamic supremacy.

West African kingdom (in what is now Nigeria) whose strong kings sharply limited engagement with the slave trade.

Hindu devotional movement that flourished in the early modern era, emphasizing music, dance, poetry, and rituals as means by which to achieve direct union with the divine.

A pass that the Portuguese required of all merchant vessels attempting to trade in the Indian Ocean.

An internal reform of the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century; thanks especially to the work of the Council of Trent (1545-1563), Catholic leaders clarified doctrine, corrected abuses and corruption, and put a new emphasis on education and accountability.

The massive transatlantic interaction and exchange between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia that began in the period of European exploration and colonization.

Spanish conquerors of the Native American lands, most notably the Aztec and Inca empires.

The main instrument of the Catholic Counter- Reformation (1545-1563), at which the Catholic Church clarified doctrine and corrected abuses

Spaniards born in the Americas.

West African kingdom that became strong through its rulers' exploitation of the slave trade.

Feudal lords of Japan who ruled with virtual independence thanks to their bands of samurai warriors.

Highly influential English biologist (1809-1882) whose theory of natural selection continues to be seen by many as a threat to revealed religious truth.

Belief in a divine being who created the cosmos but who does not intervene directly in human affairs.

The tribute of boy children that the Ottoman Turks levied from their Christian subjects in the Balkans; the Ottomans raised the boys for service in the civil administration or in the elite Janissary infantry corps.

Issued by French king Henry IV that granted considerable religious toleration to French Protestants and ended the French Wars of Religion.

European intellectual movement of the eighteenth century that applied the lessons of the Scientific Revolution to human affairs and was noted for its commitment to open-mindedness and inquiry and the belief that knowledge could transform human society.

Austrian doctor and the father of modern psychoanalysis (1856-1939); his theories about the operation of the human mind and emotions remain influential today

Italian astronomer (1564-1642) who further developed the ideas of Copernicus and whose work was eventually suppressed by the Catholic Church.

The Protestant minority in France.

Series of missionaries in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who, inspired by the work of Matteo Ricci, made extraordinary efforts to understand and become a part of Chinese culture in their efforts to convert the Chinese elite, although with limited success.

A period of cooling temperatures and harsh winters that lasted for much of the early modern era.

German priest and theologian (1483-1546) who inaugurated the Protestant Reformation movement in Europe

Capital of the Spanish Philippines and a major multicultural trade city that already had a population of more than 40,000 by 1600.

German philosopher (1818-1883) whose view of human history as a class struggle formed the basis of socialism.

Literally, "mixed"; a term used to describe the mixed-race population of Spanish colonial societies in the Americas.